Electronic Data Interchange

Examples of Electronic Data Interchange in the following topics:

• Causes of the bullwhip effect and counteracting the bullwhip effect

  • Information technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI), bar codes, and scanning equipment can assist in providing all supply chain members with accurate and current demand information.

• Effects of Technology on Services

  • Today's buying and selling of products or services are conducted over electronic systems on the Internet and via other computer networks.
  • Technologies such as mobile commerce,electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, e-mail, mobile applications, social media, telephones and automated data collection systems are commonplace and the new normal for the business world.
  • Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, ordering conventional goods and services, and "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
  • On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data facilitating domestic and international business dealings.
  • Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.

• E-Business Strategy

  • The term electronic business (commonly referred to as E-business or e-business) is sometimes used interchangeably with e-commerce.
  • Electronic-business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data-processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of customers.
  • E-business involves business processes that span the entire value chain: electronic purchasing and supply-chain management, electronic order processing, customer service, and business partner collaboration.
  • Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies.
  • ICT improves the efficiency of work-group communications and electronic publishing of internal business information.

• Which Standard Deviation (SE)?

  • Although they are often used interchangeably, the standard deviation and the standard error are slightly different.
  • Secondly, the standard error of the mean can refer to an estimate of that standard deviation, computed from the sample of data being analyzed at the time.
  • In scientific and technical literature, experimental data is often summarized either using the mean and standard deviation or the mean with the standard error.
  • This often leads to confusion about their interchangeability.

• Definition

  • Competing firms offer functionally interchangeable products to the same buyers.
  • Parallel products are those that are functionally interchangeable with the entrepreneur's products, but vary just enough on the product's perceived benefits to exist in the marketplace.
  • Perhaps the most difficult situation for an entrepreneur exists where there currently exists no functionally interchangeable product.
  • In the electronics industry, the originators of the personal computer, video game console, and personal data assistant provided the infrastructure for successful follow-on firms, but were unable to capitalize on their own innovative products.

• Productivity Gains from Hardware

  • Before machine tools, it was prohibitively expensive to make precision parts, an essential requirement for many machines and interchangeable parts.
  • The history of computing hardware is the record of the ongoing effort to make hardware faster, cheaper, and capable of storing more data.
  • Early electric data processing was done by running punched cards through tabulating machines, the holes in the cards allowing electrical contact to incremental electronic counters.
  • In 1973, IBM introduced point of sale (POS) terminals in which electronic cash registers were networked to the store's mainframe computer.
  • Today's servers and mainframes are capable of processing enormous amounts of data.

• Reactions of Coordination Compounds

  • These are generally bound to the central atom by a coordinate covalent bond (donating electrons from a lone electron pair into an empty metal orbital).
  • A common reaction between coordination complexes involving ligands are electron transfers.
  • There are two different mechanisms of electron transfer redox reactions: inner sphere or outer sphere electron transfer.
  • In electron transfer, an electron moves from one atom to another, changing the charge on each but leaving the net charge of the system the same.
  • For example, the rate of interchange of the coordinate water in [M(H2O)6]n+ complexes varies over 20 orders of magnitude.

• Types of Data

  • Qualitative data: race, religion, gender, etc.
  • Primary data is original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind.
  • Secondary data is data that has been collected for another purpose.
  • In statistics, it is often used interchangeably with "categorical" data.
  • Differentiate between primary and secondary data and qualitative and quantitative data.

• Energies of Electron States

  • A second important fact is that because electrons are indistinguishable, the wave function of more than one electron must be antisymmetric with respect to interchange of any two electrons (within the axioms of non-relativistic QM it could have be symmetric, but one can prove in relativistic QM that the wavefunction must be antisymmetric—the spin-statistics theorem).
  • Two electrons cannot occupy the same state.
  • The term $J_j$ is simply the potential that one electron in the state $i$ feels from another electron in the state $j$.
  • Let's imagine that we only have two electrons.
  • The total energy of the first electron including the effect of the second electron is

• Dipole Moments

  • Among the subset of electric dipole moments are transition dipole moments, molecular dipole moments , bond dipole moments, and electron electric dipole moments.
  • It is essentially interchangeable with the "radius" variable in many other equations (such as those determining gravitational and electrostatic forces), except that it includes the factor of direction.
  • This water (H2O) molecule has a high density of electrons (denoted by the red shading) near the red O atom.
  • Closer to the white H atoms, there is a low density of electrons.