dual federalism

Examples of dual federalism in the following topics:

• Dual Federalism: From the Civil War to the 1930s

  • America functioned under dual federalism until the federal government increased influence after the Civil War.
  • Dual federalism is a theory of federal constitutional law in the United States where governmental power is divided into two separate spheres.
  • The federal government is considered limited generally to those powers listed in the Constitution.
  • President Jackson used the theory as part of his justification in combating the national bank and the Supreme Court moved the law in the direction of dual federalism.
  • National courts now interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism.

• Federalism

  • Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States.
  • Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States.
  • Dual federalism is a theory of federal constitutional law in the United States according to which governmental power is divided into two separate spheres.
  • The Great Depression marked an abrupt end to Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government.
  • This became known as Cooperative Federalism.

• Federalism

  • Dual federalism is a political arrangement in which power is divided between national and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the national government.
  • Dual federalism is defined in contrast to cooperative federalism, in which national and state governments collaborate on policy.
  • Dual and cooperative federalism are also known as 'layer-cake' and 'marble cake' federalism, respectively, due to the distinct layers of layer cake and the more muddled appearance of marble cake.
  • Federalism was the most influential political movement arising out of discontent with the Articles of Confederation, which focused on limiting the authority of the federal government.
  • The Great Depression marked an abrupt end to dual federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government.

• "We the People"

  • The federal government has its own fields of legislation.
  • If federal legislation conflicts with state laws, the federal legislation prevails and the state must defer to the federal government.
  • There are two types of federal systems: dual federalism and cooperative federalism.
  • Dual federalism holds that the Union and the states individually are equal.
  • Under this view of federalism, the federal government only has the powers expressly granted to it, while the states retain all other powers.

• The New Deal: Cooperative Federalism and the Growth of the National Government

  • The New Deal: Cooperative Federalism and the Growth of the National Government
  • This concept arose after dual federalism in the United States in the 1930s.
  • There are significant advantages in a federal system to obtain state assistance in the local implementation of federal programs.
  • It may open both federal and state courts to enforcement of that right, by specifically providing concurrent jurisdiction in the federal courts.
  • Describe how the federal government works with the states under a model of cooperative federalism

• The Changing Federal Role in the Economy

  • Classic liberalism and Right-libertarian arguments argue for limited or no role for the federal government in the economy, while welfare economics argue for an increased role of the federal government.
  • In the United States, the Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve, and informally as the Fed) serves as the central mechanism for understanding federal intervention (and de-entanglement) with the economy.
  • The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate.
  • The Federal Reserve System acts as the central mechanism for federal intervention in the U.S. economy.
  • Explain the role and the historical origins of the Federal Reserve System in the early 20th century

• The Creation of the Federal Reserve

  • The Federal Reserve was created to promote financial stability, provide regulation and banking services, and conduct monetary policy.
  • The US suffered through a number of financial crises that eventually drove Congress to create the US central bank, the Federal Reserve (the Fed), through the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
  • The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate and are the most emphasized of the three.

• The Federal Funds Rate

  • The Federal Funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions actively trade balances held at the Federal Reserve.
  • The Federal Funds rate (or fed funds rate) is the interest rate at which depository institutions (primarily banks) actively trade balances held at the Federal Reserve.
  • A high Federal Funds rate, therefore, has a contractionary effect on economic activity, while a low Federal Funds rate has an expansionary effect.
  • Influencing the Federal Funds rate is the primary monetary policy tool that the Fed uses to achieve its dual mandate of stable prices and low unemployment.
  • The graph shows the federal funds rate for the past fifty years.

• The United States Banking System

  • The United States, furthermore, has a dual banking system.
  • A bank chooses a charter from a state government or from the U.S. federal government.
  • This office also grants charters on behalf of the U.S. federal government, and it requires national banks to be members of the Federal Reserve and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits at member banks.
  • The Federal Home Loan Bank System (FHLBS) is a U.S.government agency similar to the Federal Reserve.

• Types of Marketing Channels

  • There are basically 4 types of marketing channels: direct selling; selling through intermediaries; dual distribution; and reverse channels.
  • Industry representative, the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations (WFDSA), reports that its 59 regional member associations accounted for more than US$114 Billion in retail sales in 2007, through the activities of more than 62 million independent sales representatives.
  • Most national direct selling associations are represented in the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations (WFDSA).
  • Dual distribution describes a wide variety of marketing arrangements by which the manufacturer or wholesalers uses more than one channel simultaneously to reach the end user.
  • An example of dual distribution is business format franchising, where the franchisors, license the operation of some of its units to franchisees while simultaneously owning and operating some units themselves.