Examples of descent with modification in the following topics:
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- Darwin dedicated a large portion of his book, On the Origin of Species, to identifying patterns in nature that were consistent with evolution.
- For example, species of unrelated animals, such as the arctic fox and ptarmigan living in the arctic region, have been selected for seasonal white phenotypes during winter to blend with the snow and ice .
- The geographic distribution of organisms on the planet follows patterns that are best explained by evolution in conjunction with the movement of tectonic plates over geological time.
- Like anatomical structures, the structures of the molecules of life reflect descent with modification.
- This is exactly the pattern that would be expected from descent and diversification from a common ancestor.
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- The birds have inherited variation in the bill shape with some birds having wide deep bills and others having thinner bills.
- For example, the ground finches inhabiting the Galápagos Islands comprised several species with a unique beak shape .
- These tortoises were "selected" because they could reach more leaves and access more food than those with short necks.
- Third, Darwin and Wallace reasoned that offspring with the inherited characteristics that allow them to best compete for limited resources will survive and have more offspring than those individuals with variations that are less able to compete.
- This will lead to change in populations over successive generations in a process that Darwin called descent with modification.
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- Behavior modification techniques include: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, shaping, discussion, communication, participation, discrimination and proximity with verbal and non-verbal cues, and warning and punishment.
- When unwanted behavior cannot be reduced with positive reinforcement, negative consequences are used like punishment, extinction, and warning.
- Since techniques derived from behavioral psychology tend to be the most effective in altering behavior, most practitioners consider behavior modification along with behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis to be founded in behaviorism.
- In clinical settings, positive punishment is usually restricted to using a spray bottle filled with water as an aversive event.
- First use of the term 'behavior modification' can be traced back to Edward Thorndike.
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- Kinship is a term with various meanings depending upon the context.
- An unilineal society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the mother's or the father's line of descent.
- With matrilineal descent, individuals belong to their mother's descent group.
- With patrilineal descent, individuals belong to their father's descent group.
- Societies with the Iroquois kinship system are typically uniliineal, while the Iroquois proper are specifically matrilineal.
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- Common in cancer cells, silencing genes, which occur through epigenetic mechanisms, include modifications to histone proteins and DNA.
- Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the genome of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence.
- Silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is very common in cancer cells and include modifications to histone proteins and DNA that are associated with silenced genes.
- When these modifications occur, the gene present in that chromosomal region is silenced.
- Mechanisms can include modifications to histone proteins and DNA associated with these silencing genes.
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- Stem modifications, either aboveground, underground, or aerial, enable plants to survive in particular habitats and environments.
- Modifications to the aerial stems, vegetative buds, and floral buds of plants perform functions such as climbing, protection, and synthesis of food vegetative propagation .
- Aerial modifications of stems include the following:
- Stem modifications enable plants to thrive in a variety of environments.
- Found in southeastern United States, (a) buckwheat vine (Brunnichia ovata) is a weedy plant that climbs with the aid of tendrils.
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- Posttranslational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation.
- Also, most nascent polypeptides start with the amino acid methionine because the "start" codon on mRNA also codes for this amino acid.
- This amino acid is usually taken off during post-translational modification.
- Non-standard amino acids that are found in proteins are formed by post-translational modification, which is modification after translation during protein synthesis.
- Such modifications can also determine the localization of the protein.
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- Devah Pager and Lincoln Quillian compared employers' responses on questions involving race-related hiring practices to their actual hiring practices by sending matched pairs of young men to apply for jobs, either both of European descent or both of African descent, but one of the men had a criminal record.
- Additionally, while the survey results showed no difference in hiring preferences between African-Americans and European-Americans, employers were more than three times as likely to call job applicants with a European lineage back in comparison to Americans with an African lineage.
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- Knowledge management and behavior modification are tactics employers use to ensure organizational growth and adaptability.
- In psychology, behavioral modification was made popular by B.
- Skinner, who analyzed the triggers and rewards for certain behaviors in a series of experiments with animals.
- Knowledge management can help with this by providing employees with adequate training and skills and making sure that they know that they are valuable members of the organization worth investing in and empowering.
- His theories are still used in behavior modification today.
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- Proteins can be chemically modified with the addition of methyl, phosphate, acetyl, and ubiquitin groups.
- Chemical modifications occur in response to external stimuli such as stress, the lack of nutrients, heat, or ultraviolet light exposure.
- Another example of chemical modifications affecting protein activity include the addition or removal of methyl groups.
- Methyl groups are added to proteins via the process of methylation; this is the most common form of post-translational modification.
- Proteins with ubiquitin tags are marked for degradation within the proteasome.