Examples of Delayed Response in the following topics:
-
- During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before, known as the primary immune response, plasma cells secreting antibodies and differentiated T cells increase, then plateau over time.
- This is known as the secondary immune response.
- One reason why the adaptive immune response is delayed is that it takes time for naïve B and T cells with the appropriate antigen specificities to be identified, activated, and proliferate.
- This rapid and dramatic antibody response may stop the infection before it can even become established.
- In the primary response to infection, antibodies are secreted first from plasma cells.
-
- The types of hypersensitivities include immediate, delayed, and autoimmunity hypersensitivities.
- Delayed hypersensitivity is a cell-mediated immune response that takes approximately one to two days after secondary exposure for a maximal reaction to be observed.
- Delayed hypersensitivity occurs in some individuals in response to contact with certain types of jewelry or cosmetics.
- Most types of autoimmunity involve the humoral immune response.
- This image shows an example of an allergic response to ragweed pollen.
-
- Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) is an immediate response to an allergen (a foreign substance that poses no danger in and of itself yet is treated as an antigen) that the immune system has had prior exposure to.
- Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Type II) is an immune response to human cells with foreign antigens.
- Immune Complex Hypersensitivity (Type III) is an immune response to immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that become deposited in a given area.
- Delayed Hypersensitivity (Type IV) is an immune response to foreign substances that occurs over the course of several hours.
-
- Exercise damages muscles due to eccentric and concentric muscle loading and often results in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
- Resistance training, and particularly high loading during eccentric contractions, results in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
- The acute, and delayed nature of muscle soreness is indicative of an inflammatory immune response.
- A further response to sarcomere damage is necrosis following damage to the mysium, which peaks about 48 hours following exercise.
- Delayed onset muscle soreness is caused by structural damage to the Z disk and myosin and actin filaments.
-
- Failures, insufficiencies, or delays at any level of the immune response can allow pathogens or tumor cells to gain a foothold to replicate or proliferate to high enough levels that the immune system becomes overwhelmed, leading to immunodeficiency; it may be acquired or inherited.
- This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells, cells that are or will become helper T cells.
- The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.
- T cells are essential to the immune response; without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells.
-
- Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease).
- A primary immune response occurs when a B cell sees an antigen for the first time.
- Because this first recognition process takes time for antibody development, there is an initial delay for the body to fight the invading antigens.
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody produced during the primary immune response and plays a significant role fighting infection.
- These memory cells will remember all specific pathogens encountered during the animal's lifetime and can thus call forth a strong response if the pathogen ever invades the body again.
-
- Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
- 3. stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses
- Type IV hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes two to three days to develop.
- Unlike the other types, it is not antibody mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response.
- A classic example of delayed type IV hypersensitivity is the Mantoux tuberculin test in which skin induration indicates exposure to tuberculosis.
-
- A delayed return of symptoms has been reported.
- Another mechanism involves effects on the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme chain that is responsible for effective tissue utilization of oxygen.
- One of the major concerns following acute carbon monoxide poisoning is the severe delayed neurological manifestations that may occur.
- These delayed neurological sequelae may occur in up to 50% of poisoned people after two to 40 days.
- It is difficult to predict who will develop delayed sequelae but advancing age, loss of consciousness while poisoned, and initial neurological abnormalities may increase the chance of developing delayed symptoms.
-
- Since team members share responsibility for outcomes, some individuals may need to do additional work to make up for those not contributing their share of effort.
- For instance, conflict can delay progress on tasks or create other inefficiencies in getting work done.
- Poor team composition can lead to delays, higher costs, and increased risk.
-
- A plant's sensory response to external stimuli relies on hormones, which are simply chemical messengers.
- Flowering, fruit setting and ripening, and inhibition of abscission (leaf falling) are other plant responses under the direct or indirect control of auxins.
- Auxins also act as a relay for the effects of the blue light and red/far-red responses.
- Cytokinins are known to delay senescence in leaf tissues, promote mitosis, and stimulate differentiation of the meristem in shoots and roots.
- Other effects of GAs include gender expression, seedless fruit development, and the delay of senescence in leaves and fruit.