cutaneous respiration

Examples of cutaneous respiration in the following topics:

• Characteristics and Evolution of Amphibians

  • An important characteristic of extant amphibians is a moist, permeable skin that is achieved via mucus glands that keep the skin moist; thus, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment can take place through it (cutaneous respiration).
  • Evolution of tetrapods from fishes represented a significant change in body plan from one suited to organisms that respired and swam in water, to organisms that breathed air and moved onto land.

• Internal Respiration

  • Internal respiration refers to two distinct processes.
  • The oxygen supply for cellular respiration comes from the external respiration of the respiratory system.
  • The net formula for cellular respiration is:
  • Cellular respiration can occur anaerobically without oxygen, such as through lactic acid fermentation.
  • This process is very inefficient compared to aerobic respiration, as without oxidative phosphorylation, the cell cannot produce nearly as much ATP (2 ATP compared to 38 during cellular respiration).

• Transforming Chemical Energy

  • Cellular respiration is the process of transforming chemical energy into forms usable by the cell or organism.
  • When oxygen is used to help drive the oxidation of nutrients the process is called aerobic respiration.
  • Respiration occurs within the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
  • Electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration include nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and several metal ions.
  • The energy released during cellular respiration is then used in other biological processes.

• Leishmaniasis

  • Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and presents itself in two forms: cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis.
  • There various types of leishmaniasis that exist including cutaneous leishmaniasis, systemic, or visceral leishmaniasis.
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by infection of the skin and mucous membranes.
  • In combination, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are caused by more than 20 different leishmanial species.
  • Outline the life cycle of Leishmania and distinguish between cutaneous or viseral leishmaniasis

• Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease

  • Forms and symptoms of sporotrichosis include: cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis; pulmonary sporotrichosis; and disseminated sporotrichosis.
  • Cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis: This is the most common form of the disease.
  • Usually, cutaneous sporotrichosis lesions occur in the finger, hand, and arm.
  • Compare and contrast the various forms of sporotrichosis: cutaneous/skin, pulmonary and disseminated sporotrichosis

• Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)

  • Voluntary respiration is any type of respiration that is under conscious control.
  • Voluntary respiration is important for the higher functions that involve air supply, such as voice control or blowing out candles.
  • Different parts of the cerebral cortex control different forms of voluntary respiration.
  • Activity has also been seen within the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex during voluntary respiration.
  • There are several nerves responsible for the muscular functions involved in respiration.

• Neural Mechanisms (Respiratory Center)

  • The medulla and the pons are involved in the regulation of the ventilatory pattern of respiration.
  • Breathing is required to sustain life, so involuntary respiration allows it to happen when voluntary respiration is not possible, such as during sleep.
  • There are two regions in the medulla that control respiration:
  • Its main function is to control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration.
  • Describe the neural mechanism of the respiratory center in respiration control

• Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System

  • Intrinsic and extrinsic aging describe cutaneous aging of the integumentary system primarily involving the dermis.
  • Intrinsic aging and extrinsic aging are terms used to describe cutaneous aging of the skin and other parts of the integumentary system.
  • It is defined as cutaneous damage caused by chronic exposure to solar radiation and is associated with emergence of neoplastic (cancer) lesions.

• What is Skin?

  • The cutaneous membrane is the technical term for our skin. 

• Cervical Plexus

  • The cervical plexus has two types of branches: cutaneous and muscular.
  • Lesser occipital nerve - The lesser occipital nerve or small occipital nerve is a cutaneous spinal nerve arising between the second and third cervical vertebrae, along with the greater occipital nerve.
  • Transverse cervical nerve - The transverse cervical nerve (superficial cervical or cutaneous cervical) arises from the second and third cervical nerves, turns around the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus about its middle, and, passing obliquely forward beneath the external jugular vein to the anterior border of the muscle, it perforates the deep cervical fascia and divides beneath the platysma into ascending and descending branches, which are distributed to the antero-lateral parts of the neck.