camp meetings

Examples of camp meetings in the following topics:

• Frontier Revivals

  • In the newly settled frontier regions, the revivals of the Second Great Awakening took the form of camp meetings.
  • The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length involving multiple preachers.
  • Settlers in thinly populated areas would gather at the camp meeting for fellowship.
  • One of the early camp meetings took place in July 1800 at Gasper River Church in southwestern Kentucky.
  • Camp meetings were multi-day affairs with multiple preachers, often attracting thousands of worshippers.

• The Sectional Crisis Deepens

  • Increasing sectional polarization pushed most Americans into two distinct political camps on the eve of the 1860 presidential election.
  • The debates between slave-state and free-state interests raged in Congress; many people in the North and the South began to polarize along similar fault lines, and various disparate political organizations began to coalesce into distinct camps.
  • Northern Democrats hoped for a long-term compromise between slave and free states in new territories, while Southern Democrats demanded federal protections of slavery and threatened secession if Congress refused to meet their demands.
  • By the election of 1860, these political camps were firmly aligned with Northern and Southern interests, with Southern states whipping up public support for state conventions to vote on secession if Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans won the presidency.
  • The antebellum era of short-term compromise and evasion between the political camps was heading toward an end.

• Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors

  • One very important second messenger is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
  • Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. cAMP, in turn, activates a group of proteins called protein kinases, which transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule in a process called phosphorylation.
  • Each molecule of adenylyl cyclase then triggers the formation of many molecules of cAMP.
  • Hormone binding to receptor activates a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase, converting ATP to cAMP. cAMP is a second messenger that mediates a cell-specific response.
  • An enzyme called phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP, terminating the signal.

• Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP): An Activator Regulator

  • When glucose levels decline in E. coli, catabolite activator protein (CAP) is bound by cAMP to promote transcription of the lac operon.
  • When glucose levels drop, cyclic AMP (cAMP) begins to accumulate in the cell.
  • The cAMP molecule is a signaling molecule that is involved in glucose and energy metabolism in E. coli.
  • When cAMP binds to CAP, the complex binds to the promoter region of the genes that are needed to use the alternate sugar sources .
  • As glucose supplies become limited, cAMP levels increase.

• Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors

  • Agonist binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cAMP.
  • Downstream effectors of cAMP include the cAMP-dependent protein, kinase (PKA), which mediates some of the intracellular events following hormone binding.
  • α2, on the other hand, couples to Gi, which causes a decrease of cAMP activity, that results in smooth muscle contraction.
  • One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle.
  • Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle, while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle.

• Social Innovation

  • Social innovation refers to new strategies, concepts, ideas, and organizations that meet societal needs of all kinds.
  • Social innovation refers to new strategies, concepts, ideas, and organizations that extend and strengthen civil society or meet societal needs of all kinds—from working conditions and education to community development and health.
  • A health camp conducted for villagers as part of the Social Innovation Program at SOIL, in partnership with the Max India Foundation.

• Methods of Intracellular Signaling

  • Another second messenger utilized in many different cell types is cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • The main role of cAMP in cells is to bind to and activate an enzyme called cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase).
  • Differences give rise to the variation of the responses to cAMP in different cells.
  • This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins within the cell.
  • Termination of the signal occurs when an enzyme called phosphodiesterase converts cAMP into AMP.

• Pioneer Women

  • They often sponsored activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, and church and school functions.
  • The most famous were the houses of prostitution found in mining camps.
  • Chinese women, for example, were frequently sold by their families and taken to the camps as prostitutes; they had to send their earnings back to their families in China.

• Leadership and Decision Making: The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model

  • Followers do not meet each other, and the leader's decision may or may not reflect followers' influence.
  • One decition (go on vacation) leads to further decisions (whether to go to Europe, visit family, or go camping), all of which lead to another tier of decisions.

• Adjustments at High Altitude

  • However, hyperventilation also causes the adverse effect of alkalosis due to increasing the rate by which carbon dioxide is removed from the body, which inhibits the respiratory center from enhancing the respiratory rate to meet the oxygen demands.