black codes

Examples of black codes in the following topics:

• Johnson's Plan

  • Johnson's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include the involvement of former slaves in government, and he refused to heed Northern concerns when Southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes, laws that limited the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.
  • Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive Black Codes.
  • The Black Codes indicated that the freedmen would have more rights than they had before the war, but still only a limited set of second-class civil rights.
  • Additionally, freedmen were not granted voting rights or citizenship The Black Codes outraged Northerners, and were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which gave freedmen full legal equality (except the right to vote).
  • During the autumn of 1865, the Radical Republicans responded to the implementation of the Black Codes by blocking the readmission of the former rebellious states to Congress.

• The Reconstruction Amendments

  • Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States, factors such as Black Codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor, particularly in the South.
  • Sandford ruling that blacks could not be citizens of the United States.
  • The amendment was also in response to the Black Codes that Southern states had passed in the wake of the abolishment of slavery.
  • These Black Codes attempted to return former slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and by preventing them from suing or testifying in court.
  • A system of whites-only primaries and violent intimidation by white groups also suppressed black participation.

• The Radical Record

  • During fall 1865, as a response to the Black Codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress.
  • Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, leader of the moderate Republicans, took the Black Codes as an affront.
  • Northern Congressmen believed that providing black men with suffrage would be the most rapid means of political education and training.
  • While many blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations, white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, passing laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South.
  • Early Supreme Court rulings around the turn of the century upheld many of these new Southern constitutions and laws, and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s.

• The Spread of Segregation

  • Fearing black domination, southern whites resisted the freedmen's exercise of political power, .
  • Black voting decreased markedly under such pressure, and white Democrats regained political control of southern legislatures and governors' offices in the 1870s.
  • These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
  • The ruling contributed to 58 more years of legalized discrimination against black and colored people in the United States.
  • The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "Jump Jim Crow," a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D.

• Disenfranchising African Americans

  • They overturned a duly elected biracial government and widely attacked the black community, destroying lives and property.
  • Following continuing violence around elections as insurgents worked to suppress black voting, the Democratic-dominated Southern states passed legislation to create barriers to voter registrations by blacks and poor whites, starting with the Georgia poll tax in 1877.
  • The literacy test was subjectively applied by white administrators, and the two provisions effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.
  • Voter registration and turnout dropped sharply across the South, as most blacks and many poor whites were excluded from the political system.
  • These Jim Crow laws were separate from the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.

• Slave Codes

  • Slave codes in the Northern colonies were less harsh than slave codes in the Southern colonies, but contained many similar provisions.
  • The slave codes of the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia) were modeled on the Virginia code established in 1667.
  • A fine of 100 pounds and six months in prison were imposed for employing any black or slave as a clerk, for selling or giving alcoholic beverages to slaves, and for teaching a slave to read and write.
  • Slaves were allowed to hire their services and live apart from their masters, and free blacks were even allowed to live in the city and operate schools.
  • The district’s official printed slave code was issued only a month beforehand.

• Safety Precautions in the Household

  • Insulating plastic is color-coded to identify live/hot, neutral, and ground wires, but these codes vary throughout the world.
  • Live/hot wires may be brown, red, black, blue, or grey.
  • Neutral wires may be blue, black, or white.
  • Since the same color may be used for live/hot or neutral wires in different parts of the world, it is essential to confirm the color code for any given local region.
  • It is essential to check locally to determine which color codes are in use, even if they were followed in one particular installation.

• Meeting In Person (Conferences, Hackfests, Code-a-Thons, Code Sprints, Retreats)

• The Napoleonic Code

• Codes of Conduct

  • Organizations adopt codes of conduct to guide employees' actions and decisions.
  • There are three types of ethical codes: codes of business ethics, codes of conduct for employees, and codes of professional practice.
  • A code of business ethics often focuses on social issues.
  • A code of practice is adopted to regulate a particular profession.
  • Similarly, behavior in organizational settings may be guided by organizational codes of conduct.