bipolar

Examples of bipolar in the following topics:

• Bipolar Disorders

  • The "bipolar spectrum" refers to the range in which these alternating moods may occur and includes bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and other specified bipolar and related disorder.
  • Cyclothymia is a milder version of bipolar.
  • Neither the hypomanic or dysthymic episodes can meet the criteria for bipolar I or II.
  • It is estimated that roughly 1% of the adult population suffer from bipolar I, a further 1% suffer from bipolar II or cyclothymia, and somewhere between 2% and 5% percent suffer from "sub-threshold" forms of bipolar disorder.
  • Bipolar disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

• Explaining Mood Disorders

  • Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by dysfunctional moods, including depression, bipolar, dysthymia, and cyclothymia.
  • When most people think of mood disorders, they typically think of depression (also called major depressive disorder and clinical depression) and bipolar disorder.
  • Cyclothymia is considered to be a milder or subthreshold form of bipolar disorder, with the two polar states being dysthymia and hypomania (as opposed to depression and mania in bipolar disorder).
  • The total number of reported stressful events in childhood is higher in those with an adult diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder, compared to those without.
  • Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycles of depressive and manic episodes.

• Transduction of Light

  • Visual signals leave the cones and rods, travel to the bipolar cells, and then to ganglion cells.
  • Exposure of the retina to light hyperpolarizes the rods and cones, removing the inhibition of their bipolar cells.
  • Sometimes horizontal cells carry signals from one rod or cone to other photoreceptors and to several bipolar cells.
  • Amacrine cells can distribute information from one bipolar cell to many ganglion cells.
  • The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell.

• Neurons

  • While there are many defined neuron cell subtypes, neurons are broadly divided into four basic types: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar .
  • A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma.
  • An example of a bipolar neuron is a retinal bipolar cell, which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain.
  • Pseudounipolar cells share characteristics with both unipolar and bipolar cells.
  • Neurons are broadly divided into four main types based on the number and placement of axons: (1) unipolar, (2) bipolar, (3) multipolar, and (4) pseudounipolar.

• Structural Diversity of Neurons

  • Three major neuron groups make up this classification: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.
  • Bipolar neurons have two processes, an axon and a dendrite, that extend from opposite ends of the soma.
  • 1: Unipolar neuron, 2: Bipolar neuron, 3: Multipolar neuron, 4: Pseudounipolar neuron

• Superpower Rivalry

  • These alliances implied that these two nations were part of a world organized into a bipolar balance of power, in contrast with a previously multipolar world .
  • The idea that the Cold War period revolved around only two blocs, or even only two nations, has been challenged by some scholars in the post-Cold War era, who have noted that the bipolar world only exists if one ignores all of the various movements and conflicts that occurred without influence from either of the two superpowers.
  • Evaluate the theory of a bipolar post-war world dominated by two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union

• Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve

  • The vestibulocochlear nerve consists mostly of bipolar neurons and splits into two large divisions: the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve.
  • The vestibular ganglion houses the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs.

• The Schizophrenia Spectrum

  • A person with this disorder has features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder (either bipolar disorder or depression) but does not strictly meet the diagnostic criteria for either.
  • The bipolar subtype is distinguished by symptoms of mania, hypomania, or mixed episodes; the depressive subtype is distinguished by symptoms of depression only.
  • The DSM-5 distinguishes schizoaffective disorder from psychotic depression or psychotic bipolar disorder by additionally requiring that a psychotic condition must last for at least two continuous weeks without mood symptoms (although a person may be mildly depressed during this time).
  • In the DSM-5, catatonia is not recognized as its own disorder but rather is listed as a symptom of other psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression.

• Reception and Transduction

  • Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons (neurons with two processes from the cell body).
  • The receptors are specialized to detect specific odorants, so the bipolar neurons themselves are specialized.
  • In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb.

• Introduction to Biomedical Therapies

  • A depressed person might be given an antidepressant, a bipolar individual might be given a mood stabilizer, and a schizophrenic individual might be given an antipsychotic.
  • Others, with severe disorders like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, may need to take psychotropic medication continuously for effective symptom management.
  • It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in the brain in order to help alleviate the effects of certain mental conditions, such as severe forms of depression or bipolar disorder.