barrier immune system

Examples of barrier immune system in the following topics:

• Skin and Mucosae (Surface Barriers)

  • While it performs a wide range of functions, including sensation, heat regulation, control of evaporation, storage, synthesis, absorption, and water resistance, but its innate immune system functions as the barrier immune system are the most critical.
  • In humans, the outer covering of the body consists of the skin and mucosae, which together make up the barrier immune system.
  • Together, the skin and mucosae form the the barrier immune system, technically considered a component of the innate immune system.
  • The barrier system also includes chemical barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
  • Fortunately, other mechanisms of the innate and adaptive immune systems defend the body when the barrier system fails.

• Physical and Chemical Barriers

  • The innate immune response has physical and chemical barriers that exist as the first line of defense against infectious pathogens.
  • The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • The skin is considered the first defense of the innate immune system; it is the first of the nonspecific barrier defenses.
  • The blood-brain barrier also protects the nervous system from pathogens that have already entered the blood stream, but would do significantly more damage if they entered the central nervous system.
  • In the innate immune system, they serve to move pathogens out of the respiratory system via a concerted sweeping motion.

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.
  • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.

• Overview of the Immune System

  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
  • Physical barriers prevent pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, from entering the organism.
  • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
  • Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.

• The Complement System

  • The innate immune system serves as a first responder to pathogenic threats that bypass natural physical and chemical barriers of the body.
  • Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
  • In this concept, we will discuss the complement system.
  • The complement system is so named because it is complementary to the antibody response of the adaptive immune system.
  • When innate mechanisms are insufficient to clear an infection, the adaptive immune response is informed and mobilized.

• Extracellular Immune Avoidance

  • Thus, pathogens have evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host by evading the immune system's detection and destruction.
  • Bacteria usually overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier in the manner of a type II secretion system.
  • Some pathogens avoid the immune system by hiding within the cells of the host, a process referred to as intracellular pathogenesis.
  • Some bacteria even form biofilms which protect them from the proteins and cells of the immune system.
  • Another common strategy that is used is to mask antigens with host molecules in order to evade detection by the immune system.

• Regulating Immune Tolerance

  • The innate and adaptive immune responses discussed thus far comprise the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body), which is distinct from the mucosal immune system.
  • Mucosal immunity is formed by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, which functions independently of the systemic immune system; it has its own innate and adaptive components.
  • This tissue functions as the immune barrier and immune response in areas of the body in direct contact to the external environment.
  • The systemic and mucosal immune systems use many of the same cell types.
  • APCs of the mucosal immune system are primarily dendritic cells, with B cells and macrophages playing minor roles.

• Immunotherapy for Cancer

  • Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the body's own immune system to reject cancer.
  • Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the body's own immune system to reject cancer.
  • The main idea is stimulating the patient's immune system to attack the malignant tumor cells that are responsible for the disease.
  • This can be either through immunization of the patient (e.g., by administering a cancer vaccine such as Dendreon's Provenge), in which case the patient's own immune system is trained to recognize tumor cells as targets to be destroyed, or through the administration of therapeutic antibodies as drugs, in which case the patient's immune system is recruited to destroy tumor cells by the therapeutic antibodies.
  • Examples of such antigens include the glycosphingolipid GD2 , a disialoganglioside that is normally only expressed at a significant level on the outer surface membranes of neuronal cells, where its exposure to the immune system is limited by the blood-brain barrier.

• Innate Resistance

  • Several barriers protect organisms from infection including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers.
  • Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers.
  • Chemical barriers also protect against infection.
  • Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection.
  • However, if microbe numbers grow beyond their typical ranges (often due to a compromised immune system) or if microbes populate atypical areas of the body (such as through poor hygiene or injury), disease can result.

• Cells and Organs of the Immune System

  • The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.
  • These cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigen to T-cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system.
  • The cells of the adaptive immune system are special types of leukocytes, called lymphocytes .
  • Recognize the cells and organs of the immune system and their functions