bait-and-switch

Examples of bait-and-switch in the following topics:

• Illegal Price Advertising

  • Deceptive price advertising uses misleading or false statements in advertising and promotion and is usually illegal.
  • Malt and cocoa butter have been used as filler in peanut butter.
  • Bait-and-switch is legal in the United States, provided that ads state that there is a limited supply and that no rain checks will be offered.
  • From 1921 until the mid-1970s, Listerine was also marketed as a preventive and remedy for colds and sore throats.
  • In 1976, the Federal Trade Commission ruled that these claims were misleading, and that Listerine had "no efficacy" at either preventing or alleviating the symptoms of sore throats and colds.

• Issues in Marketing

  • Ethical problems in marketing stem from conflicts and disagreements.
  • TV commercials and direct mail are common examples.
  • Electronic spam and telemarketing push the borders of ethics and legality more strongly.
  • Bait and switch is a form of fraud where customers are "baited" by advertising for a product or service at a low price; second, the customers discover that the advertised good is not available and are "switched" to a costlier product.
  • To market ethically and effectively one should be reminded that all marketing decisions and efforts are necessary to meet and suit the needs of customers, suppliers, and business partners.

• Ethical Issues at an Organizational Level

  • Ashcroft and Air Pirates.
  • Human resource (HR) management involves recruitment selection, orientation, performance appraisal, training and development, industrial relations and health and safety issues.
  • Ethics in marketing deals with the principles, values, and/or ideals by which marketers and marketing institutions ought to act.
  • Certain promotional activities have drawn fire, including greenwashing, bait-and-switch, shilling, viral marketing, spam (electronic), pyramid schemes, and multi-level marketing.
  • Few goods and services can be produced and consumed with zero risk, so determining the ethical course can be problematic.

• Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions

  • The method consists of splitting a yeast transcription factor into its binding domain and activation domain, fusing the binding domain to one protein of interest (the bait) and the activation domain to another protein of interest (the prey), and reconstituting the activity of the transcription factor by bringing the two domains back into physical proximity.
  • If the two proteins do interact the bait recruits the prey to a specific cellular location where it can stimulate a detectable output (e.g., gene activation).
  • The tag serves as a tool to purify the bait protein and associated proteins by affinity chromatography.
  • The identity of the protein associated with a given bait protein is determined by comparing its peptide fingerprint against available databases.
  • Principle of the bait and prey method for the study of protein-protein interaction.

• Two-Hybrid Analysis

  • The yeast two-hybrid screening system is an effective and quick tool for the in vivo study of protein–protein interaction both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • The method consists of splitting a yeast transcription factor into its binding domain and activation domain, fusing the binding domain to one protein of interest (the bait) and the activation domain to another protein of interest (the prey), and reconstituting the activity of the transcription factor by bringing the two domains back into physical proximity.
  • These fused proteins are called the bait and prey, respectively.
  • Upon bait–prey interaction, Nub and Cub-moieties assemble, reconstituting the split-ubiquitin.
  • Overview of two-hybrid assay, checking for interactions between two proteins, called here Bait and Prey.

• The Rise of Adversarial Journalism

  • Gotcha journalism can include various methods such as, moving away from the agreed upon interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject that was agreed to be out-of-bounds.
  • A news outlet may choose to replay that speech and follow it up with footage of desperate men and women at the unemployment office, and perhaps even an interview in which one of these people is asked to comment on the mayor's speech.
  • The interviewee, in this case, may be baited with questions that have obvious answers such as, "The mayor says unemployment is a record low; how do you respond to that?
  • Smith what he thinks of the increase in drug use and he said, 'this trend would be alarming. '"
  • Describe the rise of "gotcha journalism" and the legal recourse public figures have against such journalism

• Switching Parties

  • Though uncommon, a member of Congress switch parties for either ideological or pragmatic reasons.
  • A member might switch parties, or "cross the floor," for a number of reasons.
  • Some members might switch due to ideological differences with their party.
  • Richard Shelby, a relatively conservative Democrat Senator switched to the Republican Party in 1994 after they gained a majority in the Senate, and went on receive high profile committee appointments.
  • Others who have crossed over have found success: Senator Joe Lieberman served as a Democrat and even ran as the Democratic Vice Presidential nominee in 2000, but after losing the Democratic primary in his home state of Connecticut, ran and was elected as an Independent.

• Isotype Class Switching

  • If these activated B cells encounter specific signaling molecules via their CD40 and cytokine receptors (both modulated by T helper cells), they undergo antibody class switching to produce IgG, IgA or IgE antibodies (from IgM or IgD) that have defined roles in the immune system.
  • Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching, or isotypic commutation, or class switch recombination (CSR)) is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another; for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG.
  • Class switching occurs by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR) binding .
  • Class switch recombination is a biological mechanism that allows the class of antibody produced by an activated B cell to change during a process known as isotype or class switching.
  • Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells.

• Gene Inversion

  • Gene Inversion utilizes recombinases to invert DNA sequences, resulting in an ON to OFF switch in the gene located within this switch.
  • Through the utilization of specific recombinases, a particular DNA sequence is inverted, resulting in an ON to OFF switch, and vice versa, of the gene located within or next to this switch.
  • The inversion is mediated by two recombinases, FimB and FimE, and regulatory proteins H-NS, Integration Host Factor (IHF) and Leucine responsive protein (LRP).
  • Phase and Antigenic Variation in Bacteria. pA is the promoter for FimA, pB is the promoter for FimB and pE is the promoter for FimE.
  • FimB and FimE are recombinases that can change the orientation of the FimA promoter by inverting the IRR and IRL.

• Antibodies: Classes and Affinity Maturation

  • Antibodies undergo class switching, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation to improve their effectiveness to specific pathogens.
  • The region (locus) of a chromosome that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct genes for each antibody domain— in humans the locus containing heavy chain genes (IGH) is found on chromosome 14, and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes (IGL and IGK) are found on chromosomes 22 and 2.
  • Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching; the variable regions, and therefore antigen specificity, remain unchanged.
  • Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR).
  • Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells.