anaerobic

Examples of anaerobic in the following topics:

• Oxygen

  • Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have anaerobic (i.e. not requiring oxygen) methods of energy production.
  • An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
  • For practical purposes there are three categories : obligate anaerobes, which cannot use oxygen for growth and are even harmed by it.
  • And finally, facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but can utilize oxygen if it is present.
  • Since normal microbial culturing occurs in atmospheric air, which is an aerobic environment, the culturing of anaerobes poses a problem.

• Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

  • Anoxic hydrocarbon oxidation can be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, in anaerobic environments.
  • Although it was once thought that hydrocarbon compounds could only be degraded in the presence of oxygen, the discovery of anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and pathways show that the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons occurs naturally.
  • Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a microbial process that occurs in anoxic marine sediments.
  • It is estimated that almost 90% of all the methane that arises from marine sediments is oxidized anaerobically by this process.
  • Microbes may be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons in anaerobic environments.

• Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration

  • In anaerobic respiration, a molecule other than oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
  • Anaerobic respiration is the formation of ATP without oxygen.
  • Many different types of electron acceptors may be used for anaerobic respiration.
  • Organic compounds may also be used as electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
  • A molecule other than oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.

• Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Certain prokaryotes, including some species of bacteria and archaea, use anaerobic respiration.
  • Eukaryotes can also undergo anaerobic respiration.
  • Many prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic.
  • Certain prokaryotes, like Clostridia, are obligate anaerobes.
  • Obligate anaerobes live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen.

• Creatine Supplementation

  • Creatine supplements may increase anaerobic exercise performance by augmenting phosphocreatine levels and ATP availability.
  • Creatine supplements, when used in the short-term, can increase performance during high intensity anaerobic exercise that requires short bursts of muscle contraction.
  • This is a reflection of the differential energy pools used for anaerobic versus aerobic respiration, specifically the prioritization of use of phosphocreatine as an ATP pool for Type II muscles, which are primarily used during anaerobic exercise.
  • Though there is evidence that creatine supplementation can improve anaerobic exercise performance, it is not banned in professional or college sports.

• Syntrophy and Methanogenesis

  • Bacteria that perform anaerobic fermentation often partner with methanogenic archea bacteria to provide necessary products such as hydrogen.
  • A frequently cited example of syntrophy are methanogenic archaea bacteria and their partner bacteria that perform anaerobic fermentation.
  • Methanogenesis in microbes is a form of anaerobic respiration, performed by bacteria in the domain Archaea.
  • Without methanogenesis, a great deal of carbon (in the form of fermentation products) would accumulate in anaerobic environments.

• Anammox

  • Anammox, an abbreviation for ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation, is a globally significant microbial process of the nitrogen cycle.
  • Anammox, an abbreviation for ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation , is a globally significant microbial process of the nitrogen cycle.
  • Since oxygen is not required for the process, these organisms are strict anaerobes.
  • Describe the overall process of ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (Anammox) and its purpose

• Methane-Producing Archaea: Methanogens

  • Methanogens are an important group of microoraganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct under anaerobic conditions.
  • Methanogenic archaea, or methanogens, are an important group of microoraganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct under anaerobic conditions.
  • Methanogens play a vital ecological role in anaerobic environments by removing excess hydrogen and fermentation products produced by other forms of anaerobic respiration.

• Iron Oxidation

  • Ferric iron is an anaerobic terminal electron acceptor, with the final enzyme a ferric iron reductase.
  • Ferric iron (Fe3+) is a widespread anaerobic terminal electron acceptor both for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
  • Ferrous iron is a soluble form of iron that is stable at extremely low pHs or under anaerobic conditions.
  • The third type of iron-oxidizing microbes is anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria such as Rhodopseudomonas, which use ferrous iron to produce NADH for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation.
  • Outline the purpose of iron oxidation and the three types of ferrous iron-oxidizing microbes (acidophiles, microaerophiles and anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria)

• Fusobacteria

  • Fusobacterium are anaerobic, non-spore forming, gram-negative bacteria that are associated with periodontal disease and Lemierre's syndrome.
  • Fusobacteria are rod-shaped bacilli capable of thriving in anaerobic conditions.
  • At this point, bacteria which are capable of thriving in anaerobic conditions, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum can flourish deep in the abscess.