product

Examples of product in the following topics:

• Product Selectivity

  • It is often the case that addition and elimination reactions may, in principle, proceed to more than one product.
  • If one possible product out of two or more is formed preferentially, the reaction is said to be regioselective.
  • Simple substitution reactions are not normally considered regioselective, since by definition only one constitutional product is possible.
  • Since the trans-isomer is the only isolated product, this reaction is stereoselective.
  • Here, the (R)-reactant gives the configurationally inverted (S)-product, and (S)-reactant produces (R)-product.

• Amount of Reactants and Products

  • Stoichiometry is the study of the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions and how to calculate those quantities.
  • Stoichiometry is the field of chemistry that is concerned with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
  • Upcoming concepts will explain how to calculate the amount of products that can be produced given certain information.
  • The relationship between the products and reactants in a balanced chemical equation is very important in understanding the nature of the reaction.
  • A chemical equation shows what reactants are needed to make specific products.

• Solubility Product

  • The solubility product is the equilibrium constant representing the maximum amount of solid that can be dissolved in aqueous solution.
  • The solubility product constant (Ksp) is the equilibrium constant for a solid that dissolves in an aqueous solution.
  • Solubility products are useful in predicting whether a precipitate will form under specified conditions.
  • The solubility product of a number of substances have been experimentally determined and can be used to predict solubility at a specified temperature.
  • The solubility product constants of a number of substances.

• Chemical Manufacturing

  • These products may be more advanced materials, or very simple materials that cannot be obtained from natural sources.
  • A variety of products are produces by chemical manufacturing to meet a variety of needs for the modern world.
  • Products are sold for what they can do rather than for what chemicals they contain.
  • Consumer products include direct product sale of chemicals such as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics.
  • Every year, the American Chemistry Council tabulates the U.S. production volume of the top 100 basic chemicals.

• Predicting the Direction of a Reaction

  • Equilibrium constants and reaction quotients can be used to predict whether a reaction will favor the products or the reactants.
  • Equilibrium constants can be used to predict whether a reaction will favor the products or the reactants.
  • K is the equilibrium ratio of products to reactants.
  • If the reaction favors the products, it will occur in the forward (left-to-right) direction.
  • If K is very small, the reaction will use up almost all the products and make them into reactants.

• Changes in Concentration

  • The effect of changes in the concentration of products and reactants in a reversible reaction can be predicted by Le Chatelier's Principle.
  • Because products and reactants in a chemical equation do not always have the same number of moles, as demonstrated in , disturbances in the concentration of atoms can affect the equilibrium.
  • In turn, the rate of reaction, extent, and yield of products will be altered in correspondence with the impact on the system.
  • Even if a desired product is not thermodynamically favored, the end-product can be obtained if it is continuously removed from the solution.
  • For instance, multiple molecules of the reactants (A and B) must be used to form a single molecule of product (C).

• Modification of Condensation Products

  • The aldol reaction produces beta-hydroxyaldehydes or ketones, and a number of subsequent reactions may be carried out with these products.
  • These products may then be modified or enhanced by further reactions.
  • A concerted dehydrative-decarboxylation (shown by the magenta arrows) leads to the unsaturated carboxylic acid product.
  • The fourth reaction demonstrates that the conjugate base of the beta-ketoester products from Claisen or Dieckmann condensation may be alkylated directly.

• The Aldol Reaction

  • In the absence of such catalysts these aldol products are perfectly stable and isolable compounds.
  • Why then should the base-catalyzed elimination of water occur in aldol products?
  • The product in such cases is always a dimer of the reactant carbonyl compound.
  • Only one of the two aldol products can undergo a beta-elimination of water, so the eventual isolated product comes from that reaction sequence.
  • If all the reactions occurred at the same rate, equal quantities of the four products would be obtained.

• Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

  • Due to the absorption of energy when chemical bonds are broken, and the release of energy when chemical bonds are formed, chemical reactions almost always involve a change in energy between products and reactants.
  • The energy change in a chemical reaction is due to the difference in the amounts of stored chemical energy between the products and the reactants.
  • In exothermic reactions, the products have less enthalpy than the reactants, and as a result, an exothermic reaction is said to have a negative enthalpy of reaction.
  • This means that the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is less than the energy released when new bonds form in the products.
  • In endothermic reactions, the products have more enthalpy than the reactants.

• Claisen Condensation

  • Greek letter assignments for the ester products are given in blue.
  • The product in this case is a phenyl substituted malonic ester rather than a ketoester.
  • (iv) The stabilized enolate product must be neutralized by aqueous acid in order to obtain the beta-ketoester product.
  • Protonation of this anion gives the product.
  • The only reasonable product is the five-membered cyclic ketoester.