hydrate

Examples of hydrate in the following topics:

• Naming Hydrates

  • The name of a hydrate follows a set pattern: the name of the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and the suffix -hydrate.
  • The name of a hydrate follows a set pattern: the name of the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and the suffix "-hydrate."
  • A hydrate that has lost water is referred to as an anhydride.
  • In organic chemistry, hydrates tend to be rarer.
  • Molecules have been labeled as hydrates for historical reasons.

• Solutions and Heats of Hydration

  • When ions dissolve in water, the stabilizing interactions that result release energy called the "heat of hydration."
  • Many factors influence how thermodynamically favorable a given reaction is, including the heat of hydration, or hydration energy released when water solvates, or surrounds, an ion, and the amount of energy required to overcome the attractive forces between solute molecules, known as lattice energy.
  • M^+ (g) + X^-(g) \to M^+ (aq) + X^-(aq)$ [heat of hydration]
  • A hot solution results when the heat of hydration is much greater than the lattice energy of the solute.
  • Predict whether a given ionic solid will dissolve in water given the lattice energy and heat of hydration

• Hydroboration Reactions and Oxidations

  • Thus, by the proper choice of reagents, terminal alkynes may be converted either to methyl ketones (mercuric ion catalyzed hydration) or aldehydes (hydroboration followed by oxidation).
  • Mercuric ion catalyzed hydration gives similar results.

• Reactions of Alcohols

  • Alkenes can be hydrated in acidic conditions, in which case the elements of water are added across a double bond that is broken.
  • The product of acid-catalyzed hydration is called a "Markownikoff" product: because the carbocation must be on the most substituted carbon (where it is most stable), this is where the hydroxyl adds.
  • The classic example of alcohol elimination is an exact reversal of hydration.

• The Favorskii Rearrangement

  • Facile conversion of cyclopropanones to hydrates and hemiacetals (relief of angle strain) occurs, and the cyclopropoxide conjugate base undergoes ring opening and solvent protonation.

• Reversible Addition Reactions

  • In most cases the resulting hydrate (a geminal-diol) is unstable relative to the reactants and cannot be isolated.
  • Thus, a solution of formaldehyde in water (formalin) is almost exclusively the hydrate, or polymers of the hydrate.

• Hydration of Alkynes and Tautomerism

• Elimination Reactions of Alcohols

  • It should be noted that the acid-catalyzed dehydrations discussed here are the reverse of the acid-catalyzed hydration reactions of alkenes.
  • The dehydration reaction is shown by the blue arrows; the hydration reaction by magenta arrows.

• Grob Fragmentation

  • A simple example of an ethylagous relationship may be found by comparing the acid or base-catalyzed loss of water from a carbonyl hydrate with the retro aldol cleavage reaction.

• Addition Reactions Involving Other Cyclic Onium Intermediates

  • Since the hydroboration procedure is most commonly used to hydrate alkenes in an anti-Markovnikov fashion, we also need to know the stereoselectivity of the second oxidation reaction, which substitutes a hydroxyl group for the boron atom.