vegetative reproduction

Examples of vegetative reproduction in the following topics:

• Asexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Plants can reproduce asexually, without the fertilization of gametes, by either vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
  • Plants have two main types of asexual reproduction: vegetative reproduction and apomixis.
  • Vegetative reproduction results in new plant individuals without the production of seeds or spores.
  • Many different types of roots exhibit vegetative reproduction .
  • This method of reproduction is known as apomixis.

• Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

  • Plant sexual reproduction usually depends on pollinating agents, while asexual reproduction is independent of these agents.
  • Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction.
  • Other terms that apply are vegetative propagation, clonal growth, or vegetative multiplication.
  • Vegetative growth is enlargement of the individual plant, while vegetative reproduction is any process that results in new plant "individuals" without production of seeds or spores.
  • The flower is the reproductive organ of plants classified as angiosperms.

• Fungi Cell Structure and Function

  • The vegetative body of a fungus is a unicellular or multicellular thallus.
  • They display two distinct morphological stages: the vegetative and reproductive.
  • The vegetative stage consists of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae (singular, hypha), whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous.

• Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi

  • Conidia and asci, which are used respectively for asexual and sexual reproductions, are usually separated from the vegetative hyphae by blocked (non-perforated) septa.
  • Asexual reproduction is frequent and involves the production of conidiophores that release haploid conidiospores .
  • Sexual reproduction starts with the development of special hyphae from either one of two types of mating strains .
  • During sexual reproduction, thousands of asci fill a fruiting body called the ascocarp.

• Fungi Reproduction

  • Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell.
  • Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into a population of fungi.
  • In fungi, sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.
  • Although there are many variations in fungal sexual reproduction, all include the following three stages .
  • Fungi may utilize both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction; sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.

• Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi

  • They include the familiar bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Zygomycetes have a thallus of coenocytic hyphae in which the nuclei are haploid when the organism is in the vegetative stage.
  • Sexual reproduction starts when conditions become unfavorable.
  • This form of sexual reproduction in fungi is called conjugation (although it differs markedly from conjugation in bacteria and protists), giving rise to the name "conjugated fungi".

• Genetic Control of Flowers

  • the apical meristem must transform from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or inflorescence
  • From a genetic perspective, two phenotypic changes that control vegetative and floral growth are programmed in the plant.
  • The first genetic change involves the switch from the vegetative to the floral state.
  • Mature flowers aid in reproduction for the plant.
  • In order to achieve reproduction, the plant must become sexually mature, the apical meristem must become a floral meristem, and the flower must develop its individual reproductive organs.

• Evolution of Land Plants

  • The evolution of plants occurred by a gradual development of novel structures and reproduction mechanisms .
  • The extinct vascular plants, classified as zosterophylls and trimerophytes, most probably lacked true leaves and roots, forming low vegetation mats similar in size to modern-day mosses, although some trimetophytes could reach one meter in height.
  • This luxuriant vegetation helped enrich the atmosphere in oxygen, making it easier for air-breathing animals to colonize dry land.
  • The adaptation of plants to life on land occurred gradually through the stepwise development of physical structures and reproduction mechanisms

• Food Requirements and Essential Nutrients

  • The animal diet should be well balanced and provide nutrients required for bodily function along with the minerals and vitamins required for maintaining structure and regulation necessary for good health and reproductive capability .
  • Fat-soluble vitamins are found primarily in foods that contain fat and oil, such as animal fats, vegetable oils, dairy foods, liver, and fatty fish.
  • Water-soluble vitamins are found in foods that include fruits, vegetables, and grains.
  • For humans, a balanced diet includes fruits, vegetables, grains, and protein.
  • Meats are the best source of amino acids, although some amino acids can also be obtained from vegetables and grains.

• Seedless Vascular Plants

  • More than 260,000 species of tracheophytes represent more than 90 percent of the earth's vegetation.
  • This step in reproduction explains why ferns and their relatives are more abundant in damp environments, including marshes and rainforests.