residual volume

(noun)

the volume of unexpended air that remains in the lungs following maximum expiration

Related Terms

Examples of residual volume in the following topics:

  • Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • The volume in the lung can be divided into four units: tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
    • The residual volume (RV) is the amount of air that is left after expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.
    • Residual volume is also important for preventing large fluctuations in respiratory gases (O2 and CO2).
    • The functional residual capacity (FRC) includes the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
    • It is the sum of the residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume. .

  • Male Reproductive Anatomy

    • Semen is a mixture of sperm and spermatic duct secretions (about 10 percent of the total), along with fluids from accessory glands, that contribute most of the semen's volume.
    • It neutralizes any acid residue in the urethra left over from urine.

  • Cell Size

    • Cell size is limited in accordance with the ratio of cell surface area to volume.
    • Consider the area and volume of a typical cell.
    • Therefore, as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.
    • Increased volume can lead to biological problems.
    • The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1.

  • Limiting Effects of Diffusion on Size and Development

    • Recall that any three-dimensional object has a surface area and volume; the ratio of these two quantities is the surface-to-volume ratio.
    • The surface-to-volume ratio of a sphere is 3/r; as the cell gets bigger, its surface-to-volume ratio decreases, making diffusion less efficient .
    • The image illustrates the comparison of spheres of one to one thousand volume units.
    • The surface-to-volume ratio of a sphere decreases as the sphere gets bigger.
    • The surface area of a sphere is 4πr2 and it has a volume of (4/3)πr3 which makes the surface-to-volume ratio 3/r.

  • Methods of Intracellular Signaling

    • Phosphates are also often added to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues of proteins where they replace the hydroxyl group of the amino acid.
    • Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues often activates enzymes.
    • Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues can either affect the activity of an enzyme or create a binding site that interacts with downstream components in the signaling cascade.
    • It phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of its target proteins, activating them in the process.
    • In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group (PO4-3 ) is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine.

  • Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity

    • Since enzymes are proteins, this site is composed of a unique combination of amino acid residues (side chains or R groups).
    • Each amino acid residue can be large or small; weakly acidic or basic; hydrophilic or hydrophobic; and positively-charged, negatively-charged, or neutral.
    • The positions, sequences, structures, and properties of these residues create a very specific chemical environment within the active site.

  • Termination of the Signal Cascade

    • Phosphorylation adds a phosphate group to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in a protein, changing their shapes, and activating or inactivating the protein .
    • In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine.

  • The Mechanics of Human Breathing

    • The relationship between gas pressure and volume helps to explain the mechanics of breathing.
    • Boyle's Law is the gas law which states that in a closed space, pressure and volume are inversely related.
    • As volume decreases, pressure increases and vice versa .
    • Due to this increase in volume, the pressure is decreased, based on the principles of Boyle's Law.
    • This graph of data from Boyle's original 1662 experiment shows that pressure and volume are inversely related.

  • Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

    • First, we'll consider the area and volume of a typical cell.
    • You may remember from your high school geometry course that the formula for the surface area of a sphere is 4πr2, while the formula for its volume is 4/3πr3.
    • Therefore, as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.
    • If the cell grows too large, the plasma membrane will not have sufficient surface area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume.
    • Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die.The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1.

  • DNA and RNA

    • The phosphate residue is attached to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms a 5′3′ phosphodiester linkage.
    • Carbon residues in the pentose are numbered 1′ through 5′ (the prime distinguishes these residues from those in the base, which are numbered without using a prime notation).