Examples of phosphate in the following topics:
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- Phosphorus occurs in nature as the phosphate ion (PO43−).
- In addition to phosphate runoff as a result of human activity, natural surface runoff occurs when it is leached from phosphate-containing rock by weathering, thus sending phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean.
- The movement of phosphate from the ocean to the land and through the soil is extremely slow, with the average phosphate ion having an oceanic residence time between 20,000 and 100,000 years.
- In nature, phosphorus exists as the phosphate ion (PO43−).
- Phosphate dissolved in ocean water cycles into marine food webs.
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- Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose.
- In the second step of glycolysis, an isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate into one of its isomers, fructose-6-phosphate.
- A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
- The fourth step in glycolysis employs an enzyme, aldolase, to cleave 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- In the fifth step, an isomerase transforms the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
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- The addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP); the addition of a third phosphate group forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule requires energy.
- Phosphorylation refers to the addition of the phosphate (~P).
- A + enzyme + ATP→[ A enzyme −P ] B + enzyme + ADP + phosphate ion
- In phosphorylation reactions, the gamma phosphate of ATP is attached to a protein.
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- The DNA double helix looks like a twisted staircase, with the sugar and phosphate backbone surrounding complementary nitrogen bases.
- DNA has a double-helix structure, with sugar and phosphate on the outside of the helix, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA.
- The phosphate backbone (indicated by the curvy lines) is on the outside, and the bases are on the inside.
- The phosphate backbone is located on the outside, and the bases are in the middle.
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- The third carbon of the glycerol backbone is also occupied by a modified phosphate group However, just a phosphate group attached to a diacylglycerol does not qualify as a phospholipid.
- To qualify as a phospholipid, the phosphate group should be modified by an alcohol.
- The phosphate heads are thus attracted to the water molecules in their environment.
- The phosphate may be modified by the addition of charged or polar chemical groups.
- Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate, choline and serine, are shown here.
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- The components of the nucleotide used in DNA synthesis are a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose, and a phosphate group .
- Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- In their mononucleotide form, nucleotides can have one, two , or three phosphates attached to them.
- When linked together in polynucleotide chains, the nucleotides always have just one phosphate.
- Once at least one phosphate is covalently attached, it is known as a nucleotide.
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- The sixth step in glycolysis oxidizes the sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), extracting high-energy electrons, which are picked up by the electron carrier NAD+, producing NADH.
- The sugar is then phosphorylated by the addition of a second phosphate group, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
- Note that the second phosphate group does not require another ATP molecule.
- In the seventh step, catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase (an enzyme named for the reverse reaction), 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates a high-energy phosphate to ADP, forming one molecule of ATP.
- In the eighth step, the remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third carbon to the second carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate (an isomer of 3-phosphoglycerate).
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- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is comprised of the molecule adenosine bound to three phosphate groups .
- The bond between the beta and gamma phosphate is considered "high-energy" because when the bond breaks, the products [adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and one inorganic phosphate group (Pi)] have a lower free energy than the reactants (ATP and a water molecule).
- ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the following reaction:
- When ATP is hydrolyzed, it transfers its gamma phosphate to the pump protein in a process called phosphorylation.
- It has an adenosine backbone with three phosphate groups attached.
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- Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups.
- The phosphodiester linkage is not formed by simple dehydration reaction like the other linkages connecting monomers in macromolecules: its formation involves the removal of two phosphate groups.
- A nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
- The base is attached to the 1′ position of the ribose, and the phosphate is attached to the 5′ position.
- When a polynucleotide is formed, the 5′ phosphate of the incoming nucleotide attaches to the 3′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain.
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- Phosphorylation adds a phosphate group to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in a protein, changing their shapes, and activating or inactivating the protein .
- For example, phosphatases are enzymes that remove the phosphate group attached to proteins by kinases in a process called dephosphorylation.
- In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine.