parental

Examples of parental in the following topics:

• The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross

  • When fertilization occurs between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic, the process is called a monohybrid cross, and the resulting offspring are monohybrids.
  • A Punnett square, devised by the British geneticist Reginald Punnett, can be drawn that applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross or mating and their expected frequencies.To prepare a Punnett square, all possible combinations of the parental alleles are listed along the top (for one parent) and side (for the other parent) of a grid, representing their meiotic segregation into haploid gametes .
  • For a monohybrid cross of two true-breeding parents, each parent contributes one type of allele.
  • A self-cross of one of the Yy heterozygous offspring can be represented in a 2 × 2 Punnett square because each parent can donate one of two different alleles.
  • Therefore, the two possible heterozygous combinations produce offspring that are genotypically and phenotypically identical despite their dominant and recessive alleles deriving from different parents.

• Phenotypes and Genotypes

  • Plants used in first-generation crosses were called P0, or parental generation one, plants.
  • That is, the hybrid offspring were phenotypically identical to the true-breeding parent with violet flowers.
  • However, we know that the allele donated by the parent with white flowers was not simply lost because it reappeared in some of the F2 offspring.
  • Therefore, the F1 plants must have been genotypically different from the parent with violet flowers.
  • Regardless of how many generations Mendel examined, all self-crossed offspring of parents with white flowers had white flowers, and all self-crossed offspring of parents with violet flowers had violet flowers.

• Mendel's Law of Segregation

  • Mendel's Law of Segregation states that a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to its offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent.
  • Each parent passes an allele at random to their offspring resulting in a diploid organism .
  • Because heterozygotes could arise from two different pathways (receiving one dominant and one recessive allele from either parent), and because heterozygotes and homozygous dominant individuals are phenotypically identical, the law supports Mendel's observed 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
  • The equal segregation of alleles is the reason we can apply the Punnett square to accurately predict the offspring of parents with known genotypes.
  • When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes, such that half of the parent's gametes carry each allele.

• Hybrid Zones

  • Hybrids can have less fitness, more fitness, or about the same fitness level as the purebred parents.
  • If the hybrids are less fit than the parents, reinforcement of speciation occurs, and the species will continue to diverge until they can no longer mate and produce viable offspring.
  • If the hybrids are as fit or more fit than the parents, or the reproductive barriers weaken, the two species may fuse back into one species (reconnection).
  • Reproductive isolation between hybrids and their parents was once thought to be particularly difficult to achieve; thus, hybrid species were thought to be extremely rare.
  • For a hybrid zone to be stable, the offspring produced by the hybrids have to be less fit than members of the parent species.

• Genes as the Unit of Heredity

  • Genes exist in pairs within an organism, with one of each pair inherited from each parent.
  • This finding contradicted the belief at that time that parental traits were blended in the offspring.
  • Genetics is the science of the way traits are passed from parent to offspring.
  • For all forms of life, continuity of the species depends upon the genetic code being passed from parent to offspring.
  • Describe the structure of a gene and how offspring inherit genes from each parent

• Soil Formation

  • Soil formation is the result of a combination of five factors: parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, and time.
  • Five factors account for soil formation: parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, and time.
  • The organic and inorganic material in which soils form is the parent material.
  • Topography affects water runoff, which strips away parent material and affects plant growth.

• Basics of DNA Replication

  • DNA replication uses a semi-conservative method that results in a double-stranded DNA with one parental strand and a new daughter strand.
  • In semi-conservative replication, each of the two parental DNA strands would act as a template for new DNA strands to be synthesized, but after replication, each parental DNA strand would basepair with the complementary newly-synthesized strand just synthesized, and both double-stranded DNAs would include one parental or "old" strand and one daughter or "new" strand.
  • The new strand will be complementary to the parental or "old" strand and the new strand will remain basepaired to the old strand.
  • When two daughter DNA copies are formed, they have the identical sequences to one another and identical sequences to the original parental DNA, and the two daughter DNAs are divided equally into the two daughter cells, producing daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another and genetically identical to the parent cell.
  • Grey indicates the original parental DNA strands  or segments and blue indicates newly-synthesized daughter DNA strands or segments.

• Introduction to Meiosis

  • In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents .
  • In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents.

• Fungi Reproduction

  • In both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride on an animal.
  • The most common mode of asexual reproduction is through the formation of asexual spores, which are produced by one parent only (through mitosis) and are genetically identical to that parent .
  • They may be released from the parent thallus, either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium.
  • Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell.

• Life History Patterns and Energy Budgets

  • In animals, fecundity is inversely related to the amount of parental care given to an individual offspring.
  • Since their energy is used for producing offspring instead of parental care, it makes sense that these offspring have some ability to be able to move within their environment to find food and perhaps shelter.
  • Animal species that have few offspring during a reproductive event usually give extensive parental care, devoting much of their energy budget to these activities, sometimes at the expense of their own health.
  • Conversely, organisms that start reproducing later in life often have greater fecundity or are better able to provide parental care, but they risk not surviving to reproductive age.
  • Some life history traits, such as fecundity, timing of reproduction, and parental care, can be grouped together into general strategies that are used by multiple species.