genetic engineering

Examples of genetic engineering in the following topics:

• Genetic Engineering

  • In genetic engineering, an organism's genotype is altered using recombinant DNA, created by molecular cloning, to modify an organism's DNA.
  • Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.
  • The addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering.
  • " This technique, called reverse genetics, has resulted in reversing the classic genetic methodology.
  • Borer-resistant corn is an example of a genetically- modified organism made possible through genetic engineering methods that allow scientists to alter an organism's DNA to achieve specific traits, such as herbicide resistance.

• Biotechnology in Medicine

  • Safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms transformed by means of genetic engineering.
  • They will be inexpensive, stable, easy to store, and capable of being engineered to carry several strains of pathogen at once.
  • The first genetically-engineered products were medicines designed to combat human diseases.
  • The resulting genetically-engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of human insulin at low cost.
  • Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease.

• Uses of Genome Sequences

  • Genome sequences and expression can be analyzed using DNA microarrays, which can contribute to detection of disease and genetic disorders.
  • Knowledge of the entire genome will allow future onset diseases and other genetic disorders to be discovered early, which will allow for more informed decisions to be made about lifestyle, medication, and having children.
  • Genomics is still in its infancy, although someday it may become routine to use whole-genome sequencing to screen every newborn to detect genetic abnormalities.
  • Otherwise, it could be easy to misuse the power of such knowledge, leading to discrimination based on a person's genetics, human genetic engineering, and other ethical concerns.

• Modern Applications of DNA

  • The acronym "DNA" has become synonymous with solving crimes, testing for paternity, identifying human remains, and genetic testing.
  • A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
  • Genetic modification involves the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes.
  • Bacteria, plants, and animals have been genetically modified since the early 1970s for academic, medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes.
  • The GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent fish.

• Branches and Subdisciplines of Biology

  • Examples of biological branches include microbiology, physiology, ecology and genetics.
  • Examples of subdisciplines within these branches include: microbial physiology, microbial ecology and microbial genetics.
  • Excitingly, it is the cradle of emerging sciences such as the biology of brain activity, genetic engineering of custom organisms, and the biology of evolution that uses the laboratory tools of molecular biology to retrace the earliest stages of life on earth.
  • A scan of news headlines—whether reporting on immunizations, a newly discovered species, sports doping, or a genetically-modified food—demonstrates the way biology is active in and important to our everyday world.
  • Recognize the various subfields of biology; e.g. microbiology, genetics, evolutionary, etc.

• Early Biotechnology: Cheese, Bread, Wine, Beer, and Yogurt

  • Genetic engineering, artificial selection, antibiotic production, and cell culture are current topics of study in biotechnology.

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • Manipulating the DNA of plants (or creating genetically modified organisms called GMOs) has helped to create desirable traits, such as disease resistance, herbicide and pesticide resistance, better nutritional value, and better shelf-life.
  • Staples like corn, potatoes, and tomatoes were the first crop plants to be genetically engineered .
  • Additional genetic modification improved the flavor of this tomato.

• Genetic Variation

  • Genetic variation is a measure of the variation that exists in the genetic makeup of individuals within population.
  • Genetic variation is a measure of the genetic differences that exist within a population.
  • The genetic variation of an entire species is often called genetic diversity.
  • New genetic variation can be created within generations in a population, so a population with rapid reproduction rates will probably have high genetic variation.
  • Populations of wild cheetahs have very low genetic variation.

• Molecular and Cellular Cloning

  • Plasmids have been repurposed and engineered as vectors for molecular cloning and the large-scale production of important reagents such as insulin and human growth hormone.
  • Plasmids may also be engineered to express proteins only when stimulated by certain environmental factors so that scientists can control the expression of the recombinant proteins.
  • The nuclear DNA duplicates by the process of mitosis, which creates an exact replica of the genetic material.

• Genetic Drift

  • Genetic drift is the converse of natural selection.
  • Small populations are more susceptible to the forces of genetic drift.
  • In a population of 100, that individual represents only 1 percent of the overall gene pool; therefore, genetic drift has much less impact on the larger population's genetic structure.
  • The genetic structure of the survivors becomes the genetic structure of the entire population, which may be very different from the pre-disaster population.
  • Thus even while genetic drift is a random, directionless process, it acts to eliminate genetic variation over time.