dehydration reaction

Examples of dehydration reaction in the following topics:

• Dehydration Synthesis

  • This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means "to put together while losing water. " It is also considered to be a condensation reaction since two molecules are condensed into one larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule (the water.)
  • In a dehydration synthesis reaction between two un-ionized monomers, such as monosaccharide sugars, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water in the process.
  • As additional monomers join via multiple dehydration synthesis reactions, the chain of repeating monomers begins to form a polymer.
  • Three of the four major classes of biological macromolecules (complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins), are composed of monomers that join together via dehydration synthesis reactions.
  • These three are polysaccharides, classified as carbohydrates, that have formed as a result of multiple dehydration synthesis reactions between glucose monomers.

• Hydrolysis

  • These reactions are in contrast to dehydration synthesis (also known as condensation) reactions.
  • In dehydration synthesis reactions, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer.
  • Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are chemical reactions that are catalyzed, or "sped up," by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.
  • This is the reverse of the dehydration synthesis reaction joining these two monomers.
  • This is the reverse of the dehydration synthesis reaction joining these two monomers.

• Carbohydrate Molecules

  • Disaccharides (di- = "two") form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis).
  • Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed by a dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules.
  • Sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond.

• Amino Acids

  • Any reaction that combines two monomers in a reaction that generates H2O as one of the products is known as a dehydration reaction, so peptide bond formation is an example of a dehydration reaction.
  • Peptide bond formation is a dehydration synthesis reaction.

• The Energy-Releasing Steps of Glycolysis

  • The continuation of the reaction depends upon the availability of the oxidized form of the electron carrier NAD+.
  • In the seventh step, catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase (an enzyme named for the reverse reaction), 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates a high-energy phosphate to ADP, forming one molecule of ATP.
  • This enzyme causes 2-phosphoglycerate to lose water from its structure; this is a dehydration reaction, resulting in the formation of a double bond that increases the potential energy in the remaining phosphate bond and produces phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
  • The last step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (the enzyme in this case is named for the reverse reaction of pyruvate's conversion into PEP) and results in the production of a second ATP molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation and the compound pyruvic acid (or its salt form, pyruvate).
  • Many enzymes in enzymatic pathways are named for the reverse reactions since the enzyme can catalyze both forward and reverse reactions (these may have been described initially by the reverse reaction that takes place in vitro, under non-physiological conditions).

• Lipid Molecules

  • Triacylglycerol is formed by the joining of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction.

• DNA and RNA

  • The phosphodiester linkage is not formed by simple dehydration reaction like the other linkages connecting monomers in macromolecules: its formation involves the removal of two phosphate groups.

• Citric Acid Cycle

  • The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2.
  • The eight steps of the cycle are a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2 .
  • The rate of this reaction is controlled by negative feedback and the amount of ATP available.
  • If ATP levels increase, the rate of this reaction decreases.
  • Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate.

• Plant Adaptations to Life on Land

  • Plants adapted to the dehydrating land environment through the development of new physical structures and reproductive mechanisms.
  • The cell's interior is mostly water: in this medium, small molecules dissolve and diffuse and the majority of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place.

• Basic Structures of Prokaryotic Cells

  • For example, the capsule found in some species enables the organism to attach to surfaces, protects it from dehydration and attack by phagocytic cells, and increases its resistance to our immune responses.
  • Bacteria are divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their reaction to gram staining.