cutting

Examples of cutting in the following topics:

• Natural and Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Some plants can be propagated through cuttings alone.
  • They include grafting, cutting, layering, and micropropagation.
  • Both are cut at an oblique angle (any angle other than a right angle), placed in close contact with each other, and are then held together.
  • Plants such as coleus and money plant are propagated through stem cuttings where a portion of the stem containing nodes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root.

• Molecular and Cellular Cloning

  • The MCS is a short DNA sequence containing multiple sites that can be cut with different commonly-available restriction endonucleases.
  • Restriction endonucleases recognize specific DNA sequences and cut them in a predictable manner; they are naturally produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA.
  • Many restriction endonucleases make staggered cuts in the two strands of DNA, such that the cut ends have a 2- or 4-base single-stranded overhang.
  • In this way, any DNA fragment generated by restriction endonuclease cleavage can be spliced between the two ends of a plasmid DNA that has been cut with the same restriction endonuclease .

• Body Plans

  • Radial symmetry describes an animal with an up-and-down orientation: any plane cut along its longitudinal axis through the organism produces equal halves, but not a definite right or left side.
  • The goat also has an upper and lower component to it, but a plane cut from front to back separates the animal into definite right and left sides.

• Blue Light Response

  • He cut off the tip of a seedling, covered the cut section with a permeable layer of gelatin, and then replaced the tip.
  • However, when impermeable mica flakes were inserted between the tip and the cut base, the seedling did not bend.

• Other Neurological Disorders

  • There are several other neurological disorders that cannot be easily placed into clean-cut categories.

• Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi and Fungivores

  • In a second example, leaf-cutting ants of Central and South America literally farm fungi.
  • They cut disks of leaves from plants and pile them up in gardens.

• DNA Repair

  • If an incorrect base has been added, the enzyme makes a cut at the phosphodiester bond and releases the incorrect nucleotide.
  • In another type of repair mechanism, nucleotide excision repair, enzymes replace incorrect bases by making a cut on both the 3' and 5' ends of the incorrect base .

• Genome Evolution

  • These mechanisms work similarly to "cut-and-paste" and "copy-and-paste" functionalities in word processing programs.
  • The "cut-and-paste" mechanism works by excising DNA from one place in the genome and inserting itself into another location in the code.

• Genetic Maps

  • RFLPs (sometimes pronounced "rif-lips") are detected when the DNA of an individual is cut with a restriction endonuclease that recognizes specific sequences in the DNA to generate a series of DNA fragments, which are then analyzed by gel electrophoresis.
  • The DNA of every individual will give rise to a unique pattern of bands when cut with a particular set of restriction endonucleases; this is sometimes referred to as an individual's DNA "fingerprint."

• Animal Body Planes and Cavities

  • This is sometimes called a cross section; if the transverse cut is at an angle, it is called an oblique plane .