aerobic

Examples of aerobic in the following topics:

• The Energy Cycle

  • Photosynthesis absorbs light energy to build carbohydrates in chloroplasts, and aerobic cellular respiration releases energy by using oxygen to metabolize carbohydrates in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
  • Aerobic respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
  • Aerobic respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.

• Estuaries: Where the Ocean Meets Fresh Water

  • When these animals are exposed to low salinity, they stop feeding, close their shells, and switch from aerobic respiration (in which they use gills) to anaerobic respiration (a process that does not require oxygen).
  • When high tide returns to the estuary, the salinity and oxygen content of the water increases, causing these animals to open their shells, begin feeding, and to return to aerobic respiration.

• Transforming Chemical Energy

  • When oxygen is used to help drive the oxidation of nutrients the process is called aerobic respiration.
  • Aerobic respiration is common among the eukaryotes, including humans, and takes place mostly within the mitochondria.

• Outcomes of Glycolysis

  • Mature mammalian red blood cells do not have mitochondria and are not capable of aerobic respiration, the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen.
  • Glycolysis, or the aerobic catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to produce more energy.

• The Evolution of Mitochondria

  • As the amount of oxygen increased in the atmosphere billions of years ago and as successful aerobic prokaryotes evolved, evidence suggests that an ancestral cell with some membrane compartmentalization engulfed a free-living aerobic prokaryote, specifically an alpha-proteobacterium, thereby giving the host cell the ability to use oxygen to release energy stored in nutrients.
  • The matrix and inner membrane are rich with enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration.
  • Mitochondria that carry out aerobic respiration have their own genomes, with genes similar to those in alpha-proteobacteria.

• Mitochondria

  • The matrix and inner membrane are rich with the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration.
  • In addition to the aerobic generation of ATP, mitochondria have several other metabolic functions.

• Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

  • However, many organisms have developed strategies to carry out metabolism without oxygen, or can switch from aerobic to anaerobic cell respiration when oxygen is scarce.
  • This type of fermentation is used routinely in mammalian red blood cells and in skeletal muscle that has an insufficient oxygen supply to allow aerobic respiration to continue (that is, in muscles used to the point of fatigue).
  • This means that they can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen.

• Early Eukaryotes

  • The LCA was aerobic because it had mitochondria that were the result of an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium that lived inside a host cell.
  • Without oxygen, aerobic respiration would not be expected; living things would have relied on fermentation instead.

• Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Chemiosmosis is used to generate 90 percent of the ATP made during aerobic glucose catabolism.

• Citric Acid Cycle

  • This is considered an aerobic pathway because the NADH and FADH2 produced must transfer their electrons to the next pathway in the system, which will use oxygen.
  • These carriers will connect with the last portion of aerobic respiration to produce ATP molecules.