graven image

Examples of graven image in the following topics:

• Icons and Iconoclasm

  • Emperor Leo III (717-741) and his successors banned the worship of icons and encouraged the persecution of those who venerated images.
  • According to the traditional view, Byzantine Iconoclasm constituted a ban on religious images by Emperor Leo III and continued under his successors, and was accompanied by widespread destruction of images and persecution of supporters of the veneration of images.
  • Conversely, people who revere or venerate religious images are derisively called "iconolaters. "
  • Iconoclasm has generally been motivated theologically by an Old Covenant interpretation of the Ten Commandments, which forbade the making and worshiping of "graven images. " The two periods of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire during the 8th and 9th centuries made use of this theological theme in discussions over the propriety of images of holy figures, including Christ, the Virgin and saints.
  • The role of women and monks in supporting the veneration of images has also been asserted.

• Early Jewish Art

  • The Second Commandment, as noted in the Old Testament, warns all followers of the Hebrew god Yahweh, "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image."
  • In Judaism, God chooses to reveal his identity, not as an idol or image, but by his words, by his actions in history, and by his working in and through humankind.
  • Its mosaic floor depicts a syncretic image of King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters.
  • The discovery of the synagogue helps to dispel narrow interpretations of Judaism's historical prohibition of visual images.
  • Discuss how the prohibition of "graven images" influenced the production of Jewish art.

• Architecture and Mosaics in the Middle Byzantine Empire

  • Broadly defined, iconoclasm is defined as the destruction of images.
  • In Christianity, iconoclasm has generally been motivated by people who adopt a literal interpretation of the Ten Commandments, which forbid the making and worshipping of graven images.
  • It was accompanied by widespread destruction of images and persecution of supporters of the veneration of images.
  • The image of the Virgin and Child is a common Christian image, and the mosaic depicts Byzantine innovations and the standard style of the period.
  • The central dome depicts an image of Christ Pantocrator, and the overall decorative program depicts scenes from the life of Christ and images of salvation from both the Old and New Testament.

• Early Christian Art

  • The Old Testament restrictions against the production of graven images (an idol or fetish carved in wood or stone) might have also constrained Christians from producing art.
  • But in the earliest images as many show a stocky and short-haired beardless figure in a short tunic, who can only be identified by his context.
  • In many images of miracles Jesus carries a stick or wand, which he points at the subject of the miracle rather like a modern stage magician (though the wand is significantly larger).
  • The image of The Good Shepherd, a beardless youth in pastoral scenes collecting sheep, was the most common of these images and was probably not understood as a portrait of the historical Jesus.
  • These images bear some resemblance to depictions of kouroi figures in Greco-Roman art.

• Photography: Recording an Image

  • The camera is the image-forming device, and photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the sensing medium.
  • A larger opening will create a brighter image.
  • However, increasing the ISO will affect the quality of the image: in film the images become grainy, and in digital the image becomes noisier, with more undesirable speckles.
  • Regardless of material, a process must be employed to render the latent image captured by the camera into a viewable image.
  • Digital images may be uploaded to an image server, viewed on a television, or transferred to a computer or digital photo frame.

• Monotypes

  • The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually using a printing press.
  • A traditional lithograph is made by drawing an image with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level limestone block.
  • In modern lithography, the image is most often made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate.
  • The image can be printed directly from the plate in a direct press, which will cause the orientation of the image to be reversed, or it can be printed in an offset press, and the image from the stone will be transferred onto a flexible sheet of rubber, then printed onto paper without any change in its orientation.
  • A traditional lithograph is made by drawing an image with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level limestone block.

• History of Photography

  • Around the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance.
  • The oldest surviving permanent photograph of the image formed in a camera was created circa 1826 by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce .
  • A strong hot solution of common salt served to stabilize or fix the image by removing the remaining silver iodide.
  • Paper with a coating of silver iodide was exposed in the camera and developed into a translucent negative image.
  • A complex processing operation produced complementary cyan, magenta and yellow dye images in those layers, resulting in a subtractive color image.

• Distortions of Space and Foreshortening

  • The resulting image on the projection plane reproduces the image of the object as it is beheld from the station point.
  • Barrel distortion occurs when image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis.
  • The apparent effect is that of an image which has been mapped around a sphere (or barrel).
  • On the other hand, in pincushion distortion, the image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.
  • The visible effect is that lines that do not go through the center of the image are bowed inwards, towards the center of the image, like a pincushion.

• Video Art

  • Prior to the introduction of this new technology, moving image production was only available to the consumer by way of eight or sixteen millimeter film.
  • Many artists found video more appealing than film, particularly when the medium's greater accessibility was coupled with technologies able to edit or modify the video image.
  • An installation of nine television screens, Wipe Cycle combined live images of gallery visitors, found footage from commercial television, and shots from pre-recorded tapes.
  • Single-channel works are much closer to the conventional idea of television in that a video is screened, projected or shown as a single image.
  • Exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum that showcased video games as moving image art works.

• Photorealism

  • While pop artists were primarily pointing out the absurdity of the imagery that dominated mass culture—such as advertising, comic books, and mass-produced cultural objects—photorealists aimed to reclaim and exalt the value of the image.
  • Photorealist painters gather imagery and visual information through the use of the photograph, which is then transferred onto the canvas either by projecting a slide of the image onto the canvas, or by the traditional technique of the grid.
  • The resulting images are often direct copies of the photograph, though usually on an increased scale.
  • Richard Estes reproduces in a paint the complex image of a reflected urban environment on a telephone booth.
  • Chuck Close is known for his intensely detailed paintings which are essentially indistinguishable from photographic images.