colonialism

Examples of colonialism in the following topics:

• Postcolonial Discourse

  • Postcolonialism (also known as post-colonial theory, post-colonial studies, and post-colonialism) is an academic discipline that comprises methods of intellectual discourse presenting analyses of, and responses to, the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism (nearly always by European and North American powers).
  • Drawing from post-modern schools of thought, post-colonial studies analyze the politics of knowledge (creation, control, and distribution) and the functional relations of social and political power that sustain colonialism and "neo-colonialism" (i.e., the perpetuation of modern day colonialism).
  • As anthropology, post-colonialism records human relations among the colonial nations and the subaltern peoples exploited by colonial rule.
  • Post-colonial literature addresses the problems and consequences of the de-colonization of a country and of a nation, especially the political and cultural independence of formerly subjugated colonial peoples; it also covers literary critiques of and about post-colonial literature, the undertones of which carry, communicate, and justify racialism and colonialism.
  • However, most contemporary forms of post-colonial literature present literary and intellectual critiques of the post-colonial discourse by endeavoring to assimilate post-colonialism and its literary expressions.

• Colonial Australian Art

  • The visual arts have a long history in Australia, from ancient Aboriginal rock paintings to colonial landscapes to contemporary movements of today.
  • The colonial art market primarily desired landscape paintings, which are often described as making a gradual shift from a European sense of light to a more Australian one.
  • Until the turn of the century, all drawings made in the colony were crafted by soldiers, including British naval officers George Raper and John Hunter, and convict artists, including Thomas Watling.
  • Most are in the style of naval draughtsmanship and cover natural history topics, specifically birds, while a few depict the infant colony itself.
  • Colonial artists such as Tom Roberts captured aspects of everyday life in Colonial Australia.

• Codices of the Aztecs

  • Pre-colonial codices differ from colonial codices in that they are largely pictorial and not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives.
  • The colonial-era codices not only contain Aztec pictograms, but also Classical Nahuatl (in the Latin alphabet), Spanish, and occasionally Latin.
  • Scholars now have access to a body of around 500 colonial-era codices, as well as a limited number of pre-colonial codices, though there are very few surviving codices from the pre-colonial era.
  • Like all pre-colonial codices, it was originally entirely pictorial in nature, although some Spanish descriptions were later added.
  • The Aubin Codex is a pictorial history of the Aztecs from their departure from Aztlán through the Spanish conquest to the early Spanish colonial period, ending in 1607.

• Effects of Colonialism on Nigerian Art

  • The art of Nigeria was greatly impacted by colonialism, and the importance of European techniques and training grew during this period.
  • The modern state of Nigeria originated from British colonial rule, beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914.
  • When the colonial government in Nigeria took control of formal education in 1909, the curriculum in the schools was geared toward the provision of suitable education to train clerks for the colonial administration.
  • Prior to the report, Onabolu had formally presented requests for the introduction of modern arts education in secondary schools, but his option was rejected by the colonial education officers.
  • However, Murray's effort meant little in the long run as the country was increasingly westernized by its colonial rulers.

• Leadership

  • Traditional African leadership structures underwent drastic changes under colonial rule and continue to evolve today.
  • Pre-colonial Africa possessed as many as 10,000 different states characterized by many kinds of political organisation and rule.
  • Colonial rule drastically transformed traditional African leadership structures.
  • With independence from colonial rule in the mid-20th century came further changes in leadership.
  • Assess the negative impacts of colonialism on traditional African leadership structures.

• Architecture of the Inca

  • The Inca capital city of Cusco is one of the finest examples of both traditional Inca and colonial architecture.
  • Because of its antiquity and importance, the center of the city retains many buildings, plazas, and streets from both pre-colonial and colonial periods.
  • Modeling the Baroque Renaissance style, it contains choir stalls, paintings, and wood carvings from the colonial era.
  • It also has a strong example of colonial goldwork and wood carving.
  • It is considered one of the best examples of the colonial baroque style in the Americas.

• The Spanish Conquest and Its Effects on Incan Art

  • Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador who was responsible for destroying much of the city of Cusco in 1535, built a new European-style city over pre-colonial foundations.
  • The Convent and Church of la Mercad was similarly modeled on the Baroque Renaissance style, containing choir stalls, paintings, and wood carvings from the colonial era.
  • The Cusco School was a Roman Catholic art movement that began in Cusco, Peru during the early colonial period.
  • The Quito School (Escuela Quitena) developed in the territory of the Royal Audience of Quito during the colonial period.
  • The Chilote School of religious imagery is another artistic manifestation developed during the colonial period by Jesuit missionaries with the purpose of evangelizing.

• Domestic Architecture in Modern Africa

  • Early Europeans invaded and set up colonies around the West African coast, building large forts that can now be seen at Elmina Castle, Cape Coast Castle, Christiansborg, Fort Jesus, and elsewhere.
  • Under colonial rule, the tradition of building houses out of mud walls, thatched roofs, and other traditional materials decreased while the use of cement blocks and zinc roofs became more common.
  • Examples of colonial towns from this era survive at Saint-Louis, Senegal, Grand-Bassam, and elsewhere.
  • Afterward, it spread to Algiers and Morocco by the early 20th century, and soon colonial buildings across the continent began to mix European and traditional African styles of architecture.
  • A number of new cities were built following the end of colonialism, while others were greatly expanded.

• Indian Architecture under British Imperialism

  • British colonial rule had a great impact on Indian art.
  • As with the Mughals, architecture under European colonial rule became an emblem of power designed to endorse the occupying power.
  • Andrew's Kirk in Madras (now Chennai) is known for its colonial architecture.
  • Andrew's Church in present day Chennai is an example of British colonial architecture in India.

• Indonesian Painting

  • Indonesian painting has been shaped by a myriad of cultural influences, including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and colonial forces.
  • Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western style painting emerged in the 19th century.