Funchal

Funchal
Municipality ( Concelho)
A view of Funchal, taken from Pico do Cruz (261m), looking towards the east and neighboring municipality of Santa Cruz
Flag Coat of arms
Official name: Concelho do Funchal
Name origin: funcho, Portuguese for fennel
Country	Portugal
Autonomous Region	Madeira
Island	Madeira
Municipality	Funchal
Centre	Funchal
- coordinates	32°39′N 16°55′W
Lowest point	Sea level
- location	Atlantic Ocean
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Area	76.15 km2 (29 sq mi)
Population	111,892 (2011)
Density	1,323 / km2 (3,427 / sq mi)
Settlement	c.1424
- Town	c.1452-1454
- Municipality	c.1508
LAU	Concelho/ Câmara Municipal
- location	Praça do Município, Funchal, Madeira
- elevation	34 m (112 ft)
- coordinates	32°39′0″N 16°54′30″W
President	Miguel Filipe Machado de Albuquerque ( PSD)
Timezone	WET ( UTC0)
- summer (DST)	WEST ( UTC+1)
ISO 3166-2 code	PT-
Postal Zone	9004 - 512 Funchal
Area Code & Prefix	(+351) 291 XXX-XXXX
Demonym	Madeirense; Maderans
Municipal Address	Praça do Município 9004 - 512 Funchal
Location of the municipality of Funchal in the Maderan archipelago
Wikimedia Commons: Funchal
Website: http://www.cm-funchal.pt

Funchal (Portuguese pronunciation:  [fũˈʃaɫ]) is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira. The city has a population of 111,892 and has been the capital of Madeira for more than five centuries.

Etymology

The name Funchal, was applied by the first settlers that landed on its shores due to the abundance of wild fennel where, as tradition goes, the primitive burg was built. From the Portuguese word "funcho" (fennel) and the suffix "-al", to denote "a plantation of fennel":

"...Funchal, to whom the captain gave this name, because it was founded in a beautiful forested valley, full of fennel up to the sea..."

History

This settlement began around 1424, when the island was divided into two Captaincies, and the zones that would become the urbanized core of Funchal would be founded by João Gonçalves Zarco who settled there with members of his family. Owing to its geographic location, the site became an important maritime port, while its productive soils became a focus of new settlers. Its coastal position, the most productive on the island, quickly permitted Funchal to develop an urban core and surpass the populations of other settlements, which slowly gravitated around it.

In the early 15th century, Álvaro Fernandes was the commander of Funchal.

As part of its administrative role, the settlement received its primary lighthouse between 1452 and 1454, when it was elevated to the status of vila and municipal seat. Funchal became an important transfer point for European commercial interests; many sailors and merchants located in Funchal in order to take advantage of the transient conditions of port. Christopher Columbus was one of the early settlers, but later many of the merchant families established commercial interests on the island, including: João d'Esmenaut from the Picardy region, the Lomelino from Genoa, the Mondragão from Biscay, the Acciauoli from Florence, the Bettencourts from France, the Lemilhana Berenguer from Valencia and many others.

During the second half of the 15th Century, the sugar industry expanded significantly along the southern coast, from Machico until Fajã da Ovelha, making Funchal the most important industrial centre of the industry. By the end of the century, fronting the Order of Christ, D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, expanded the support of the local community; he ordered the construction of the administrative Paços do Concelho and the Paços dos Tabeliães (completed in 1491), raised the construction of a church (began in 1493 and later raised to cathedral in 1514), and finally the construction of a hospital and customs-house in the village. In 1508, it was elevated to the status of city by King Manuel I of Portugal, and in 1514 (on completion of the Sé Cathedral) the bishopric was headquartered in Funchal.

The island, and Funchal specifically, were vulnerable to privateer and pirate attacks. In 1566, French corsairs under the command of Bertrand de Montluc, a gentleman in the court of Charles IX of France and second-son of Field Marshal Blaise de Montluc. In the month of September, he departed from Bordeaux with a force of 1200 men, on three mains ships a small fleet of eight support craft. This armada sacked Porto Santo: the events were relayed to the settlements on Madeira, and in the villas of Machico and Santa Cruz the citizenry armed themselves for the inevitable. In Funchal, the governor, Francisco de Sales Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, did not take any action that could be construed as hostile. Meanwhile, the armada anchored in the beach of Formosa, disembarked a contingent of 800 men that marched towards the city in three columns, encountering no resistance until the main bridge in São Paulo. At the bridge the privateers encountered a force from the small fort, with a few small-caliber pieces, which were quickly routed in confusion. At the road near Carreira, the attackers were confronted by a small group of Franciscan monks, which were quickly dispatched. Funchal's fortifications were finally assaulted by land, where its defense was thin; the defenders could not even reposition many of the cannons directed towards the sea. The city suffered a violent sack that lasted fifteen days, where little remained.

The following year, the military architect Mateus Fernandes III was sent to Funchal in order to completely modify the defensive system of the city. Evidence of the work produced by this architect was published in the "Mapa de Mateus Fernandes" (1573), considered to be the oldest plan of the island of Funchal. The document identifies the major defenses of the city, which included a large fortification in the area around the dyke in Pena.

During the 16th century, Funchal was an important stop-over for caravels travelling between the Indies and the New World.

The wine culture appeared during early settlement, through the incentives from Henry the Navigator. By 1455, the Venezian navigator, Luís de Cadamosto, on visiting Madeira, referred to the excellence of the Madeirense wines, principally the Malvasia castes from the island of Crete, which were being exported in greater numbers. By the end of the 16th century, the celebrated English poet and playwright, William Shakespeare, cited the important export and notoriety of the Madeiran Malvasia castes: in Richard III the Duke of Clarence, the brother of King Edward IV selected a death by drowning in a barrel of Madeira. Later, in Shakespeares' Henry IV he has Poins censure Falstaff for having sold his soul to the devil for a cup of Madeira wine. The growth of viticulture in Madeira expanded when the sugar industry was attacked by cheaper exports from the New World and Africa, but also from various epidemics and the after affects of the 1566 privateer sacks. In the 17th century, commercial treaties with England brought increased investments to a business that was still insular. Many commercial winemakers from England moved to the island, establishing a change in the commerce, the economy, the architectural morphology and the lifestyle of the community. This incremental growth expanded the city with new estates, and a new merchant class which populated the urban quarters. Generally, there were many new three-floor homes with an intermediary service floor, a floor for storage and wine-cellars, and in some cases a tower to watch the port and monitor shipping in the harbour. Various island governors and the convents participated in commercial viticulture. The Companhia de Jesus developed the vast estate of Campanário, which extended from the city to Fajã dos Padres into one of the most successful wines on the island, while the nuns of Santa Clara, owners of some large parcels of land, entered into the wine industry, financing the ships that would take their wines to Brazil (and exchanging them for sugar for their sweets business). But, during the 19th century there were epidemics, aggravating the economy and forcing some to return to sugar plantations. In order to maintain the level of development, many landowners tried to plant new more-resistant castes, but of an inferior quality, in order to support the industry.

A few of the notable visitors to the region: Elisabeth of Bavaria, empress of Austria-Hungary, 1837-1898 (who travelled to the island for leisure and health), Charles I of Austria, Emperor Austria and King of Hungary, 1867–1918, Polish Field Marshal Józef Piłsudski in order to recuperate his health, Winston Churchill (who travelled here on holidays and was known to have painted a few paintings during his visits) and Fulgencio Batista (who stopped-over en route to his exile in Spain). The presence of these notable visitors marked a period when Funchal became a centre of tourism and therapeutic health. With the formal creation of the Port of Funchal, and later the establishment of the Santa Catarina Airport, Funchal turned into a major international tourist destination supported by a series of hotels and ocean-front residences.

Geography

Physical geography

Funchal is located inside a natural amphitheater-shaped valley, with gentle slopes beginning at the coast which rise to 1200 meters, that provided a natural shelter for early settlers.

In addition to the urbanized area, the municipality includes the Ilhas Selvagens (English: Savage Islands, a nature reserve located 160 km (100 mi) south of the capital.

Climate

Funchal has a very mild Subtropical climate with evenly temperatures all year round. The climate can be separated into two main seasons: a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March with average daily high temperatures ranging from 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F) and a drier and warmer season from April through September with average daily high temperatures ranging from 21 °C (70 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). Humidity levels remain constant at about 70%. Sea temperatures range from 18 °C (64 °F) in February up to 24 °C (75 °F) in late September.

Since the city rises from the sea up to altitudes of 800 meters on its northern slopes, it is quite common to experience cloudiness, fog and rain on those northern suburbs while clear skies remain nearer to the sea. Temperatures also tend to be slightly lower at the higher altitudes.

Early summer, specially June, tends to be quite infamous due to a phenomenon where persistent cloudiness covers the entire bay area of Funchal, locally nicknamed "Funchal's helmet". The length and severity of the rainy season varies greatly from year to year.

Climate data for Funchal, capital of Madeira
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	25.5 (77.9)	27.0 (80.6)	30.5 (86.9)	32.6 (90.7)	34.2 (93.6)	34.7 (94.5)	37.7 (99.9)	36.0 (96.8)	38.4 (101.1)	34.1 (93.4)	29.5 (85.1)	25.9 (78.6)	38.4 (101.1)
Average high °C (°F)	19.7 (67.5)	19.7 (67.5)	20.4 (68.7)	20.6 (69.1)	21.6 (70.9)	23.4 (74.1)	25.1 (77.2)	26.4 (79.5)	26.4 (79.5)	24.9 (76.8)	22.6 (72.7)	20.7 (69.3)	22.63 (72.73)
Daily mean °C (°F)	16.7 (62.1)	16.6 (61.9)	17.2 (63)	17.5 (63.5)	18.6 (65.5)	20.6 (69.1)	22.2 (72)	23.2 (73.8)	23.2 (73.8)	21.8 (71.2)	19.6 (67.3)	17.9 (64.2)	19.59 (67.28)
Average low °C (°F)	13.7 (56.7)	13.4 (56.1)	13.9 (57)	14.4 (57.9)	15.6 (60.1)	17.7 (63.9)	19.2 (66.6)	20.0 (68)	20.0 (68)	18.6 (65.5)	16.6 (61.9)	15.0 (59)	16.51 (61.72)
Record low °C (°F)	9.2 (48.6)	7.4 (45.3)	8.1 (46.6)	9.8 (49.6)	9.7 (49.5)	13.2 (55.8)	14.6 (58.3)	16.4 (61.5)	16.6 (61.9)	13.4 (56.1)	10.8 (51.4)	9.4 (48.9)	7.4 (45.3)
Precipitation mm (inches)	74.1 (2.917)	83.0 (3.268)	60.2 (2.37)	44.0 (1.732)	28.9 (1.138)	7.2 (0.283)	1.6 (0.063)	2.0 (0.079)	32.9 (1.295)	89.5 (3.524)	88.8 (3.496)	115.0 (4.528)	627.2 (24.693)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	12	10	19	8	6	3	1	2	6	9	10	13	87
Mean monthly sunshine hours	167.4	171.1	204.6	225.0	213.9	198.0	244.9	260.4	225.0	204.6	168.0	164.3	2,447.2
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia, Climatetemp.info for Sunshine hours data

Human geography

The urbanized core of the city of Funchal includes several of the civil parishes that surround the municipality ( Câmara de Lobos, Santa Cruz, Machico and Ribeira Brava), and includes a population of 150,000 inhabitants (representing the largest city outside mainland Portugal). The municipality itself is a grouping of several smaller administrative entities, that includes Funchal, Câmara de Lobos, Caniço and Santa Cruz, located along the southern coast of Madeira. Funchal is a cosmopolitan and panoramic city, with parks, shops and hotels.

The municipality (Portuguese: concelho) and city (Portuguese: cidade) are one administrative division, administered by an executive and legislative committee in the city hall. Local communities, are administered at the civil parish levels, through their own legislative bodies and executives. Funchal comprises ten civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesias) based on traditional religious districts (Portuguese: paróquias):

• Imaculado Coração de Maria - a northern suburb, it is one of the smaller parishes in area, with the highest concentrations of residents (6951 residents in 2001);
• Monte - originally a summer refuge for the wealthy, due to its mild climate, Monte is symbolized by the toboggan drivers that race tourists down to the central town; today it is one of the more populated areas of Funchal with over 7500 inhabitants;
• Santa Luzia - one of the four urban suburbs of Funchal, developed from urban sprawl that expanded into the hinterland; today there are more than 6600 inhabitants in these foothills;
• Santa Maria Maior - named from the first episcopal divisions on the island, it along with Sé were the first faith communities to develop, concentrating along the coast in the church of Nossa Senhora do Calhau;
• Santo António - the most populated civil parish in the municipality, developed from the concentration of small artisan shops, that developed until the 16th century; today the population includes approximately 22,000 residents;
• São Gonçalo - named after the explorer Gonçalo Aires Ferreira, in service to João Gonçalos Zarco, the lands of the parish were once the personal domains of this settler, who later took on the anointed name by its residents, due to his piety;
• São Martinho - its first settler Afonso Anes was responsible for the first artisanal and commercial buildings in the area, that was primarily agricultural in scope; today the highly urbanized area pertains to 20,000 inhabitants;
• São Pedro - central to the business and residential character of Funchal, São Pedro is a bedroom community of Sé, with 7681 residents;
• São Roque - deannexed from Sé under the authority of Cardinal Infante Henriques, the prelate of Funchal constructed this parish from sections of São Pedro and São Martinho;
• Sé - the historical centre of Funchal, and most developed, including many of the older buildings; its population is less than 2148 residents (2001).

Twin towns — Sister cities

Funchal is twinned with the following cities.

City	State/Region	Country
Gibraltar	Gibraltar	United Kingdom
Livingstone	Southern Province	Zambia
Praia	Praia Municipality	Cape Verde
Honolulu	Hawaii	United States
Maui	Hawaii	United States
Oakland	California	United States
New Bedford	Massachusetts	United States
Herzliya	Tel Aviv District	Israel
Saint Helier	Jersey	United Kingdom
Leichlingen	North Rhine-Westphalia	Germany
Cape Town	Western Cape	South Africa
Santos	São Paulo	Brazil
São Paulo	São Paulo	Brazil
Marrickville	New South Wales	Australia
Fremantle	Western Australia	Australia
Parla	Madrid	Spain

Transportation

The harbour of Funchal was the only major port in Madeira. Since 2007 it has been fully dedicated to passenger transport - cruise ships and ferries - and other tourist-related boats and yachts. In that year all remaining cargo trade was moved to the newly developed port of Caniçal, 12 miles to the east.

A highway provides access to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava to the west, and Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal to the east.

Madeira Airport, often known as Funchal Airport/Madeira/Santa Catarina Airport (code: FNC), is located east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz. The airport was one of the most dangerous airports in the world due to the limited flat space in close proximity to cliffs, but the extension of the runway on concrete pillars in the sea has improved safety.

Tourism

Today Funchal is a major tourist town, with hotels, port, and an international airport Funchal Airport (FNC), located in the nearby municipality of Santa Cruz.

Besides the city of Funchal, tourist destinations include: Ribeira Brava, Curral das Freiras, Porto Moniz, Santana, the Laurisilva forest, a UNESCO Natural Site, in the centre of Madeira Island and the beaches in Porto Santo island. There is also a passenger gondola lift ( Funchal Passenger Ropeway), that transports people from the lower section of the city to the suburb of Monte.

Religion

The Episcopal see ( diocese) of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Funchal includes the entirety of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, and is a suffragan see under the Archdiocese of Lisbon. Its focus is the Sé Cathedral, located in civil parish of Sé, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção (English:  Our Lady of the Assumption) while its patron saint is Saint James.

Anglican services have been held at Holy Trinity Church in Funchal (Rua do Quebra Costas) since 1822, although the first recorded Protestant service took place in 1774.

A synagogue was built in 1836, but is now disused.

Notable citizens

• José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), was a Portuguese zoologist and politician;
• Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos (18 September 1837 - 28 November 1880), was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa;
• Lloyd William Mathews, KCMG, CB (7 March 1850 – 11 October 1901), was a British naval officer, politician and abolitionist;
• Artur de Sousa Pinga (30 July 1909 – 12 July 1963), was a professional footballer and later coach for FC Porto;
• Herberto Hélder (23 November 1930), is a Portuguese surrealist, experimental poet;
• Alberto João Jardim (born 4 February 1943), a Portuguese politician and President of the Regional Government of Madeira since 1978;
• Fátima Lopes, ComIH (8 March 1965), fashion designer;
• Pedro Macedo Camacho (born 4 September 1979), is an award-winning film and video game composer;
• Vânia Fernandes (c.1985), singer and 2008 Eurovision Song Contestant;
• Moisés Constantino Henriques (1 February 1987), is an Australian professional cricketer who currently plays for the New South Wales Blues;
• Cristiano Ronaldo (born 5 February 1985), a professional footballer for Real Madrid, and captain of the Portugal national football team.