Economy of the European Union

Related subjects: Economics

Background Information

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Economy of the European Union

Currency	1 Euro (€) = 100 cents
Other currencies in member states Bulgarian lev • Czech koruna • Danish krone • Hungarian forint • Latvian lats • Lithuanian litas • Polish złoty • Romanian leu • Swedish krona • British Pound sterling
Statistics
GDP ranking	1st (2011)
GDP ( Nominal)	US$17.578 trillion (2011) €12.629 trillion (2011)
GDP ( PPP)	US$15.821 trillion (2011)
GDP growth rate	1.5% (2011)
GDP per capita	US$35,116 (nominal) US$31,607 ( PPP) (2011)
GDP by sector (2006)	70.5% services 27.3% industry 2.1% agriculture
Inflation	2.6 % (2012)
Population below poverty threshold	17%
Labour force	240.2 million
Labour force by occupation (2011)	69.8% services 25.2% industry 5.0% agriculture
Unemployment	10.8% (January 2013)
Sources:
Trading partners
Export of goods	€1.531 trillion (2011) $2.131 trillion (2011)
Export of services	€579.5 billion (2011) $806.6 billion (2011)
Export goods (2011) machinery and transport equipment 42.4%; other manufactured goods 23.0%; chemicals and related products 16.5%; food, drinks and tobacco 5.8%; mineral fuels and lubricants 6.5%; raw materials 2.9%; commodities and transactions 2.7%
Main export partners (2011) United States, 17,0%; China, 8,9%; Switzerland, 7,9%; Russia, 7,1%; Turkey, 4,7% etc.
Import of goods	€1.685 trillion (2011) $2.344 trillion (2011)
Import of services	€470.4 billion (2011) $654.8 billion (2011)
Import goods (2011) machinery and transport equipment 26.1%; other manufactured goods 23.6%; mineral fuels and lubricants 28.9%; chemicals and related products 9.0%; food, drinks and tobacco 5.4%; raw materials 5.1%; commodities and transactions 1.8%
Main import partners (2011) China, 17,3%; United States, 10,9%; Russia, 11,8%;Norway, 5,5%; Switzerland, 5,4%; etc.
FDI inward stock	€ 3.806 trillion (2011)
FDI outward stock	€ 4.983 trillion (2011)
Sources:
Balance of Payments
Current Account	€ 61.537 billion (2012)
Sources:
Public finances
Public debt	€ 10,421.9 billion (82.5% of GDP) (2011)
Public deficit	€ -565.1 billion (-4.5% of GDP) (2011)
Expenditure	49.1% of GDP (2011)
Revenue	44.6% of GDP (2011)
Sources:

The economy of the European Union generates a GDP of over €12.629 trillion (US$17.578 trillion in 2011) according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), making it the largest economy in the world. The European Union (EU) economy consists of an Internal Market and the EU is represented as a unified entity in the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Currency

The official currency of the European Union is the euro used in all its documents and policies. The Stability and Growth Pact sets out the fiscal criteria to maintain for stability and (economic) convergence. The euro is also the most widely used currency in the EU, which is in use in 17 member states known as the Eurozone.

All other member states, apart from Denmark and the United Kingdom, which have special opt-outs, have committed to changing over to the euro once they have fulfilled the requirements needed to do so. Also, Sweden can effectively opt out by choosing when or whether to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which is the preliminary step towards joining. The remaining states are committed to join the Euro through their Treaties of Accession.

Budget

The operation of the EU has an agreed budget of €141 billion for the year 2011, and €862 billion for the period 2007–2013, this represents around 1% of the EU's GDP.

Economic variation

Below is a table showing, respectively, the GDP and the GDP (PPP) per capita for the European Union and for each of its 27 member states, sorted by GDP (PPP). This can be used as a rough gauge to the relative standards of living among member states, with Luxembourg the highest and Bulgaria the lowest. Eurostat, based in Luxembourg, is the Official Statistical Office of the European Communities releasing yearly GDP figures for the member states as well as the EU as a whole, which are regularly updated, supporting this way a measure of wealth and a base for the European Union's budgetary and economic policies. Figures are stated in euro.

Member states	GDP 2011 millions of euro	Population in millions	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (Nominal) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 EU27 = 100	Eurozone yes/no
European Union	12,650,983	501	25,200	25,200	100%
Germany	2,592,600	81.4	30,300	31,700	121%	yes
France	1,996,583	63.3	27,200	30,600	108%	yes
United Kingdom	1,750,396	62.6	27,400	27,900	109%	no
Italy	1,579,659	61.5	25,100	26,000	100%	yes
Spain	1,063,355	46.0	24,700	23,100	98%	yes
Netherlands	601,973	16.6	32,900	36,100	131%	yes
Sweden	387,596	9.3	31,900	41,100	127%	no
Belgium	369,836	10.8	29,900	33,700	119%	yes
Poland	369,666	38.2	16,200	9,600	64%	no
Austria	300,712	8.4	32,400	35,700	129%	yes
Denmark	240,453	5.5	31,500	43,200	125%	no
Greece	208,532(p)	11.3	20,100(p)	18,500(p)	79%	yes
Finland	189,368	5.3	28,800	35,200	114%	yes
Portugal	171,040(p)	10.6	19,500(p)	16,100(p)	77%	yes
Ireland	156,438	4.4	32,500	35,400	129%	yes
Czech Republic	156,217	10.5	20,200	14,900	80%	no
Romania	131,327	21.5	11,400(2010)	5,800(2010)	49%	no
Hungary	99,819	10.0	16,500	10,000	66%	no
Slovakia	69,108	5.4	18,400	12,700	73%	yes
Luxembourg	42,625	0.5	68,100	82,100	271%	yes
Bulgaria	38,483	7.6	11,600	5,200	46%	no
Slovenia	36,172	2.0	21,000	17,600	84%	yes
Lithuania	30,807	3.2	16,600	10,200	66%	no
Latvia	20,211	2.2	14,700	9,800	58%	no
Cyprus	17,979	0.8	23,700	21,100	94%	yes
Estonia	15,951	1.3	16,900	11,900	67%	yes
Malta	6,544	0.4	21,500	15,600	85%	yes

EU Candidates	GDP 2011 millions of euro	Population in millions	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (Nominal) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 perc. of EU27	Eurozone yes/no
Iceland	10,075	0.3	28,000	31,600	111%	no
Croatia	44,893(p)	4.5	15,400(p)	10,500(p)	61%	no
Turkey	553,249	71.0	13,100	7,500	52%	no
Macedonia	7,509	2.0	8,700(2010)	3,400(2010)	35%	no
Montenegro		0.6			42%	no
Serbia	34,740	7.3	8,800	4,686	35%	no

Current EU applicants	GDP 2010 millions of euro	Population in millions	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (Nominal) per capita 2009 euro	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 perc. of EU27	Eurozone yes/no
Albania	8,975	3.2	7,800(e)	2,803	30%	no
Bosnia & Herzegovina		3.8	7,300		30%	no

EFTA members	GDP 2010 millions of euro	Population in millions	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (Nominal) per capita 2011 euro	GDP (PPP) per capita 2011 perc. of EU27	Eurozone yes/no
Norway	352,856	4.6	47,500	70,500	186%	no
Switzerland	476,054	7.7	39,500	60,800	157%	no

p: provisional value
e: estimated value
Source: GDP Millions of PPS: EUROSTAT, GDP(PPP) per inhabitant: EUROSTAT, GDP per capita in PPS : EUROSTAT, GDP per capita expressed in PPS in percentage of EU (2011): EUROSTAT

Past and future GDP at market prices (millions of euro)^{[nb 1]}

	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
European Union	12,397,498.0	12,466,896.5	11,752,175.4	12,256,226.4	12,649,146.5	12,957,700.3	13,381,221.5
Member states
Austria	274,019.8	282,746.0	274,818.2	286,197.3	300,891.3	310,133.3	322,190.4
Belgium	335,610.0	346,130.0	340,398.0	354,378.0	370,436.4	381,779.9	396,273.8
Bulgaria	30,772.4	35,430.5	34,932.8	36,033.5	38,989.9	-	-
Cyprus	15,901.5	17,157.1	16,853.5	17,333.6	17,928.6	18,409.6	19,167.5
Czech Republic	131,908.6	154,269.7	141,449.8	149,313.3	157,538.3	155,688.8	160,030.9
Denmark	227,533.9	235,133.0	223,985.3	235,608.6	241,148.1	249,122.9	258,155.3
Estonia	16,069.4	16,304.2	13,839.6	14,305.3	16,011.6	17,006.0	18,163.9
Finland	179,830.0	185,651.0	173,267.0	180,253.0	190,257.4	198,251.5	206,115.5
France	1,886,792.1	1,933,195.0	1,889,231.0	1,932,801.5	1,987,699.4	2,027,969.8	2,092,928.4
Germany	2,428,500.0	2,473,800.0	2,374,500.0	2,476,800.0	2,570,000.0	2,626,427.9	2,705,181.1
Greece	222,771.1	232,920.3	231,642.0	227,317.9	217,828.8	212,139.9	214,309.2
Hungary	99,430.5	105,545.1	91,402.5	97,094.8	99,285.5	95,398.7	100,059.5
Ireland	189,932.9	179,989.8	160,595.9	155,992.3	156,109.2	158,864.9	164,621.6
Italy	1,554,198.9	1,575,143.9	1,526,790.4	1,556,028.6	1,586,209.0	1,617,154.7	1,660,133.6
Latvia	21,026.5	22,889.8	18,521.3	17,974.8	19,605.9	20,701.6	21,888.0
Lithuania	28,738.8	32,461.7	26,620.1	27,535.4	30,367.8	32,342.5	34,545.2
Luxembourg	37,490.5	39,436.5	37,392.6	40,266.9	41,778.3	42,893.0	45,035.9
Malta	5,434.3	5,814.6	5,812.7	6,154.2	6,440.0	6,690.0	7,008.3
Netherlands	571,773.0	594,481.0	571,145.0	588,414.0	607,435.2	622,714.	639,563.6
Poland	311,001.7	363,153.7	310,418.2	354,310.0	369,318.3	355,346.3	372,417.2
Portugal	169,319.2	171,983.1	168,503.6	172,571.2	171,632.4	168,286.4	172,647.7
Romania	124,728.5	139,765.4	118,196.0	124,058.9	131,527.8	136,278.1	147,800.8
Slovakia	54,810.8	64,500.1	62,895.5	65,887.4	69,944.5	71,614.0	75,123.1
Slovenia	34,562.3	37,279.5	35,310.6	35,415.8	36,446.	38,018.4
Spain	1,053,161.0	1,087,749.0	1,047,831.0	1,051,342.0	1,074,940.5	1,094,290.	1,123,495.9
Sweden	337,944.2	333,255.7	291,347.0	346,536.4	386,201.6	396,188.4	409,582.5
United Kingdom	2,054,237.7	1,800,710.8	1,564,467.9	1,706,301.9	1,747,315.6	1,862,190.7	1,931,407.6
Candidate countries
Croatia	43,380.4	47,760.2	45,666.1	45,899.2	46,021.6	46,781.0	48,175.2
Macedonia	5,966.5	6,692.6	6,702.4	6,948.1	7,275.8	7,743.6	8,386.1
Turkey	479,209.1	506,431.9	440,367.3	552,842.4	546,713.3	566,640.2	620,400.7
EFTA countries
Iceland	14,932.4	10,303.7	8,673.7	9,494.8	10,080.4	10,713.4	11,346.1
Norway	287,712.2	311,284.9	270,010.7	315,233.8	343,998.3	364,416.8	383,818.3
Switzerland	317,222.0	343,346.1	354,734.9	398,877.5	477,197.4	502,272.1	521,523.8
Main economic partners
USA	10,236,191.2	9,716,820.8	9,993,547.5	10,957,607.3	10,831,809.8	11,822,419.8	12,148,404.6
Japan	3,197,025.7	3,308,478.8	3,613,140.2	4,122,481.1	4,285,853.3	4,735,371.4	4,785,085.4

Economies of member states

Economic performance varies from state to state. The Growth and Stability Pact governs fiscal policy with the European Union. It applies to all member states, with specific rules which apply to the eurozone members that stipulate that each state's deficit must not exceed 3% of GDP and its public debt must not exceed 60% of GDP. However, many larger members have consistently run deficits substantially in excess of 3%, and the eurozone as a whole has a debt percentage exceeding 60% (see below).

The following table shows information relating to the member states of the European Union, ordered according to the 'Size' of their economies. (NB: Were the table ordered according to 'GDP per capita' this would perhaps better reflect the strength of an individual economy. But this is not how such tables are commonly structured.) The colours denote how a member state is performing relative to the rest of the European Union, above average (green) or below average (red). The smallest and greatest values in each column are emphasised.

The data for GDP and GDP per capita (PPP) are based on the World Economic Outlook, October 2012 ( International Monetary Fund).

Member State sorted by GDP	GDP in billions of USD (2011)	GDP % of EU (2010)	Annual change % of GDP (2011)	GDP per capita in PPP US$ (2011)	Public Debt % of GDP (Q3 2012)	Deficit (-)/ Surplus (+) % of GDP (2011)	Inflation % Annual (2011)	Unemp. % 2012 M12
European Union	17,610.8	100.0	1.5	31,673	85.1	-4.5	3.1*	10.8
Germany	3,607.4	20.2%	3.0	38,077	81.7	-1.0	2.5	5.3
France	2,778.1	15.8%	1.8	35,068	85.8	-5.2	2.3	10.6
United Kingdom	2,431.3	13.9%	0.8	36,522	89.9	-8.3	3.3*	7.7*
Italy	2,198.7	12.7%	0.4	30,464	127.3	-3.9	2.9	11.7
Spain	1,479.6	8.7%	0.7	30,478	77.4	-8.5	3.1	26.2
Netherlands	838.1	4.8%	1.2	42,023	69.5	-4.7	2.5*	6.0
Poland	514.5	2.9%	4.3	20,184	55.9	-5.1	3.9	10.6
Belgium	514.6	2.9%	1.9	37,781	101.6	-3.7	3.5	7.4
Sweden	544.7	2.8%	3.9	40,705	37.4	0.3	1.4	8.0
Austria	418.4	2.3%	3.1	41,556	73.7	-2.6	3.6*	4.9
Denmark	333.0	1.9%	1.0	37,048	47.5	-1.8	2.7	7.4
Greece	399.3	1.9%	-6.8	26,258	152.6	-9.8	3.1	27.0*
Finland	263.5	1.5%	2.9	35,981	51.1	-0.5	3.3	7.9
Portugal	237.8	1.4%	-1.6	23,363	120.3	-4.2	3.6	17.6
Ireland	221.2	1.3%	0.9	40,838	117.0	-13.1	-1.6*	14.7
Czech Republic	215.2	1.2%	1.7	27,063	44.9	-3.1	2.1	7.0
Romania	189.8	1.0%	2.5	12,493	35.2	-5.2	5.8	6.6
Hungary	140.3	0.8%	1.7	19,591	78.6	4.3	3.9	11.1
Slovakia	96.1	0.5%	3.3	23,304	51.2	-4.8	4.1	14.9
Luxembourg	59.6	0.3%	1.1	80,559	20.9	-0.6	3.7	5.3
Bulgaria	53.5	0.3%	1.7	13,789	18.7	-2.1	3.4	12.4
Slovenia	50.3	0.3%	-0.2	28,843	48.2	-6.4	2.1	10.2
Lithuania	42.7	0.2%	5.9	19,125	40.6	-5.5	4.1	13.3
Latvia	28.3	0.1%	5.5	16,818	40.4	-3.5	4.2	14.4*
Cyprus	24.7	0.1%	0.5	27,521	84.0	-6.3	3.5	14.7
Estonia	22.2	0.1%	7.6	20,379	9.6	1.0	5.1	9.9*
Malta	8.9	0.1%	2.1	25,598	73.1	-2.7	2.4*	7.0

Economic growth

Population and GDP per capita of EU member states and some candidates.

GDP per capita in 2008 2009

>30,000 €

>25,000 €

>20,000 €

>15,000 €

>10,000 €

The EU's share of Gross world product (GWP) is stable at around one fifth.

The twelve new member states of the European Union have enjoyed a higher average percentage growth rate than their elder members of the EU. Slovakia has the highest GDP growth in the period 2005-2011 among all countries of the European Union (See Tatra Tiger). Notably the Baltic states have achieved massive GDP growth, with Latvia topping 11%, close to China, the world leader at 9% on average for the past 25 years (though these gains have been in great part cancelled by the late-2000's recession).

Reasons for this massive growth include government commitments to stable monetary policy, export-oriented trade policies, low flat-tax rates and the utilisation of relatively cheap labour. For the last year (2011), Estonia had the highest GDP growth from all the states in EU (7,6%). The current map of EU growth is one of huge regional variation, with the larger economies suffering from stagnant growth and the new nations enjoying sustained, robust economic growth.

Although EU27 GDP is on the increase, the percentage of Gross world product is decreasing due to the emergence of economic powers such as China, India and Brazil. In the medium to long term, the EU will be looking forward to increase GDP growth in Italy and the UK in order to stabilise growth in European Union states. This is to ensure sustained economic prosperity.

EU Member States GDP growth rates
Member State	% GDP Growth
Member State	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2005 - 2011
Austria	2.4	3.7	3.7	1.4	−3.8	2.1	2.7	0.7	13,2
Belgium	1.7	2.7	2.9	1.0	−2.8	2.4	1.8	-0.2	9,9
Bulgaria	6.4	6.5	6.4	6.2	−5.5	0.4	1.7	0.8	23,6
Cyprus	3.9	4.1	5.1	3.6	−1.9	1.1	0.5	-2.3	17,4
Czech Republic	6.8	7.0	5.7	3.1	−4.5	2.5	1.9	-1.1	24,0
Denmark	2.4	3.4	1.6	−0.8	−5.7	1.6	1.1	-0.4	2,6
Estonia	8.9	10.1	7.5	-4.2	−14.1	3.3	8.3	3.2	17,1
Finland	2.9	4.4	5.3	0.3	-8.5	3.3	2.8	-0.2	10,9
France	1.9	2.7	2.3	-0.1	−3.1	1.7	1.7	0.0	8,1
Germany	0.7	3.7	3.3	1.1	−5.1	4.2	3.0	0.7	10,9
Greece	2.3	5.5	3.5	-0.2	-3.1	-4.9	-7.1	-6.4	-3.4
Hungary	4.0	3.9	0.1	0.9	−6.8	1.3	1.6	-1.7	4,7
Ireland	5.9	5.4	5.4	-2.1	−5.5	-0.8	1.4	0.7	5,5
Italy	0.9	2.2	1.7	−1.2	−5.5	1.8	0.4	-2.2	0,0
Latvia	10.1	11.2	9.6	−3.3	-17.7	−0.9	5.5	5.3	12,3
Lithuania	7.8	7.8	9.8	2.9	−14.8	1.5	5.9	3.6	20,1
Luxembourg	5.3	4.9	6.6	-0.7	−4.1	2.9	1.7	0.2	17,5
Malta	3.6	2.6	4.1	3.7	−2.4	2.7	1.6	1.0	18,1
Netherlands	2.0	3.4	3.9	1.8	−3.7	1.6	1.0	-0.9	10,8
Poland	3.6	6.2	6.8	5.1	1.6	3.9	4.3	2.0	36,0
Portugal	0.8	1.4	2.4	0.0	−2.9	1.9	-1.6	-3.2	1,4
Romania	4.2	7.9	6.3	7.3	−6.6	-1.1	2.2	0.2	20,8
Spain	3.6	4.1	3.5	0.9	−3.7	−0.3	0.4	-1.4	8,6
Slovakia	6.7	8.3	10.5	5.8	−4.9	4.4	3.2	2.0	38,3
Slovenia	4.0	5.8	7.0	3.4	−7.8	1.2	0.6	-2.3	13,5
Sweden	3.2	4.3	3.3	−0.6	−5.0	6.6	3.7	1.0	15,9
United Kingdom	2.8	2.6	3.6	−1.0	−4.0	1.8	0.9	0.2	5,4
European Union	2.1	3.3	3.2	0.3	−4.3	2.1	1.5	-0.3	8,2
Eurozone	1.7	3.2	3.0	0.4	−4.4	2.0	1.4	-0.6	7,5

Trade

Top 10 trading partners (2010)

Top 11-20 trading partners (2010)

EU imports, exports and balance of trade in goods from 2007 to 2011 (in billions of euro)

EU current account(quarterly data ) in millions of euro.

The European Union is the largest exporter in the world and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services. Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.

The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member.

Main trading partners(2011)

Rank	Partners	Imports (Millions Euro)	% (of total)	Exports (Millions Euro)	% (of total)	Total trade (Millions Euro)	% (of total)
-	Total EU	1.685.398	100%	1.531.358	100%	3.216.756	100%
1	United States	184.245,6	10,9%	260,553.4	17.0%	444.799,0	13,8%
2	China	292.129,6	17,3%	136.222,3	8,9%	428.351,9	13,3%
3	Russia	198.342,6	11,8%	108.434,0	7,1%	306.776,6	9,5%
4	Switzerland	91,205.4	5.4%	121,671.5	7.9%	212,876.9	6.6%
5	Norway	93,449.8	5.5%	46,529.0	3.0%	139,978.8	4.4%
6	Turkey	47,592.7	2,8%	72,670.9	4.7%	120,263.6	3.7%
7	Japan	67,451.7	4.0%	48,967.5	3,2%	116,419.2	3.6%
8	India	39,314.7	2.3%	40,425.1	2,6%	79,739.8	2.5%
9	Brazil	37,776.0	2,2%	35,728.6	2,3%	73,504.6	2,3%
10	South Korea	36,100.7	2,1%	32,417.2	2,1%	68,517.8	2,1%
11	Saudi Arabia	28,122.6	1.7%	26,395.1	1,7%	54,517.7	1,7%
12	Canada	22,862.3	1,4%	29,609.1	1,9%	52,471.4	1,6%
13	Singapore	18,941.5	1,1%	27,131.3	1,8%	46,072.8	1,4%
14	Algeria	27,678.4	1,6%	17,205.4	1,1%	44,883.8	1,4%
15	South Africa	17,785.0	1,1%	25,634.2	1,7%	43,419.1	1,3%
16	Australia	11,761.9	0,7%	30,805.7	2,0%	42,567.6	1,3%
17	United Arab Emirates	8,775.7	0,5%	32,614.8	2,1%	41,390.5	1,3%
18	Hong Kong	10,133.5	0,6%	30,188.0	2,0%	40,321.5	1,3%
19	Taiwan	23,946.8	1,4%	16,213.4	1,1%	40,160.3	1,2%
20	Mexico	16,270.4	1,0%	23,802.4	1,6%	40,072.8	1,2%
21	Nigeria	24,147.4	1,4%	12,471.9	0,8%	36,619.3	1,1%
22	Ukraine	14,987.5	0,9%	21,196.4	1,4%	36,183.9	1,1%
23	Malaysia	21,004.0	1,2%	11,914.9	0,8%	32,918.9	1,0%
24	Israel	12,645.0	0,8%	16,835.6	1,1%	29,480.7	0,9%
25	Thailand	17,534.6	1,0%	11,858.4	0,8%	29,393.0	0,9%
26	Kazakhstan	22,725.2	1,3%	5,999.5	0,4%	28,724.7	0,9%
27	Iran	16,340.8	1,0%	10,488.4	0,7%	26,829.3	0,8%
28	Morocco	8,688.8	0,5%	15,167.7	1,0%	23,856.4	0,7%
29	Indonesia	16,149.5	1,0%	7,349.8	0,5%	23,499.4	0,7%
30	Egypt	9,510.7	0,6%	13,943.7	0,9%	23,454.4	0,7%
31	Tunisia	9,874.1	0,6%	10,930.9	0,7%	20,804.9	0,6%
32	Argentina	10,656.7	0,6%	8,320.0	0,5%	18,976.8	0,6%
33	Chile	10,869.7	0,6%	7,651.3	0,5%	18,521.0	0,6%
34	Qatar	13,321.4	0,8%	4,885.4	0,3%	18,206.8	0,6%
35	Vietnam	12,801.4	0,8%	5,209.3	0,3%	18,010.7	0,6%
36	Azerbaijan	14,841.9	0,9%	2,862.4	0,2%	17,704.3	0,6%
37	Croatia	5,604.2	0,3%	11,300.7	0,7%	16,904.9	0,5%
38	Iraq	9,469.6	0,6%	3,883.5	0,3%	13,353.1	0,4%
39	Serbia	4,716.0	0,3%	8,486.1	0,6%	13,202.1	0,4%
40	Libya	10,437.1	0,6%	2,066.1	0,1%	12,503.2	0,4%
41	Colombia	6,897.8	0,4%	4,986.1	0,3%	11,883.9	0,4%
42	Angola	6,651.3	0,4%	4,853.4	0,3%	11,504.7	0,4%
43	Belarus	4,220.2	0,3%	7,218.3	0,5%	11,438.5	0,4%
44	Bangladesh	8,585.4	0,5%	1,701.7	0,1%	10,287.1	0,3%
45	Peru	6,342.2	0,4%	2,808.6	0,2%	9,150.7	0,3%
46	Philippines	5,111.4	0,3%	3,978.8	0,3%	9,090.2	0,3%
47	Venezuela	4,086.4	0,2%	4,886.1	0,3%	8,972.5	0,3%
48	Kuwait	4,797.2	0,3%	3,706.7	0,2%	8,503.9	0,3%
49	Pakistan	4,569.3	0,3%	3,740.6	0,2%	8,310.0	0,3%
50	Gibraltar	217.5	0,0%	7,889.9	0,5%	8,107.4	0,3%

Trade with partner country groupings(2011)

Rank	Partner region	Imports (Millions Euro)	% (of total)	Exports (Millions Euro)	% (of total)	Total trade (Millions Euro)	% (of total)
-	Total EU	1,683,931.0	100%	1,531,122.0	100%	3,215,053.0	100%
-	ACP	86,277.8	5,1%	80,197.0	5,2%	166,474.8	5,2%
-	Andean Community	15,906.9	0,9%	9,652.0	0,6%	25,558.9	0,8%
-	ASEAN	93,203.4	5,5%	68,458.5	4,5%	161,661.9	5,0%
-	BRIC	567,257.6	33,7%	320,814.8	21,0%	888,072.4	27,6%
-	CACM	8,274.5	0,5%	4,335.2	0,3%	12,609.7	0,4%
-	EU Candidate Countries	55,324.2	3,3%	86,723.0	5,7%	142,047.2	4,4%
-	CIS	257,570.0	15,3%	152,602.0	10,0%	410,172.0	12,8%
-	EFTA	188,650.8	11,2%	171,141.9	11,2%	359,792.7	11,2%
-	Latin America Countries	106,354.4	6,3%	96,141.4	6,3%	202,495.9	6,3%
-	MEDA(Excl. EU and Turkey)	71,958.9	4,3%	85,634.8	5,6%	157,593.7	4,9%
-	Mercosur	50,950.8	3,0%	45,820.2	3,0%	96,771.0	3,0%
-	NAFTA	223,262.7	13,3%	313,976.6	20,5%	537,239.3	16,7%

Main trading partners 2007-2010
Main trade partners	2007			2008			2009			2010
Main trade partners	Exports(Millions Euro)	Imports(Millions Euro)	Total Trade(Millions Euro)	Exports	Imports	Total Trade	Exports	Imports	Total Trade	Exports	Imports	Total Trade
Total EU	1,240,556	1,435,0154	2,675,571	1,309,885	1,566,309	2,876,194	1,097,142	1,206,495	2,303,637	1,347,948	1,506,934	2,854,882
United States	259,178	174,114	433,292	250,124	186,777	436,901	205,538	159,212	364,750	242,173	170,111	412,284
China	71,785	232,624	304,409	78,417	247,933	326,350	82,426	214,092	296,518	113,251	282,508	395,759
Russia	89,067	144,980	234,047	105,028	178,144	283,172	65,614	117,741	183,355	86,133	158,553	244,686
Switzerland	92,610	76,641	169,251	98,006	80,330	178,366	88,558	73,842	162,400	105,375	84,307	189,682
Norway	43,457	76,578	120,035	43,767	95,931	139,388	37,528	68,895	106,423	41,881	79,229	121,110
Japan	43,622	78,392	122,014	42,267	75,074	117,341	36,037	56,738	92,775	43,852	65,766	109,618
Turkey	52,643	47,028	99,671	54,136	46,020	100,156	44,123	36,163	80,286	61,219	42,307	103,526
India	26,586	29,177	55,763	31,603	29,545	61,148	27,593	25,448	53,041	34,804	33,193	67,997
South Korea	24,708	41,338	66,046	25,568	39,572	65,140	21,637	32,298	53,935	27,944	39,079	67,023
Brazil	21,256	32,511	54,022	26,349	35,896	62,245	21,629	25,723	47,352	31,314	32,431	63,745
Canada	25,262	22,318	47,944	26,092	23,868	49,960	22,460	17,768	40,228	26,612	20,186	46,798
Singapore	20,456	18,393	38,939	22,059	16,166	38,225	20,430	14,633	35,063	24,370	18,707	43,077
South Africa	20,374	20,870	41,244	20,222	22,362	42,584	16,121	14,985	31,106	21,433	17,937	39,370
Saudi Arabia	19,898	18,609	38,507	21,293	22,042	43,335	11,678	19,565	31,243	23,129	16,180	39,309
Taiwan	13,319	26,031	39,350	11,596	24,076	35,672	10,030	17,855	27,885	14,772	24,156	38,928
Hong Kong	20,846	10,973	31,819	21,106	11,503	32,609	19,664	9,535	29,199	26,940	10,674	37,614
Australia	22,567	11,749	34,316	25,178	11,195	36,373	21,858	8,091	29,949	26,770	9,791	36,561
Algeria	11,244	20,584	31,828	15,363	28,259	43,622	14,777	17,411	32,188	15,534	20,916	36,450
Libya	4,155	27,404	31,559	5,751	35,265	41,013	6,313	20,882	27,195	6,709	28,806	35,515
Mexico	20,956	12,110	33,066	21,934	13,721	36,655	16,002	10,040	26,042	21,338	13,157	34,495

Unemployment

Unemployment rate by country in the EU-27 in March 2009

Unemployment rates in Europe's major economies.

The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in the European Union (EU27) in March 2009 was 8.3% compared to 6.7% in March 2008. The Eurozone (EA16) unemployment figure for January 2009 was 8.2% compared to 7.3% in January 2008. The unemployment rate (EU25) had previously declined in prior years from 8.9% in March 2005 to 8.4% in March 2006 to 7.3% in March 2007.

The rate varies widely by member state. There has been a steep upturn in the unemployment rate since 2008 due to the worldwide credit crunch and following recession. The countries within the EU which were most affected were Spain, Ireland and the Baltic countries with the unemployment rate doubling or in case of the Baltic countries nearly tripling. By comparison in March 2009 the United States had an unemployment rate of 8.6% (2008: 5.1; 2007: 4.4; 2006: 4.7) which was higher than the EU-27's unemployment rate but lower than the EU-16 Eurozone rate of 8.9%. Japan's unemployment rate remained comparatively steady at 4.4% (2008: 3.9; 2007: 4.0; 2006: 4.1). The following tables show the current unemployment rate of all Member States for March 2009 with comparisons to March 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 and comparisons to the United States and Japan:

Unemployment	2005-03	2006-03	2007-03	2008-03	2009-03	2010-03	2011-03	2012-03
Austria	5.1	5.1	4.5	4.1	4.5	4.9	4.4	4.2
Belgium	8.4	8.2	7.7	6.9	7.3	8.1	7.7	7.2
Denmark	5.4	4.3	4.1	3.0	5.7	7.6	7.5	7.7
Finland	8.5	7.9	7.0	6.3	7.4	9.0	8.0	7.6
France	9.7	9.1	8.6	7.6	8.8	10.1	9.5	10.1
Germany	9.8	8.7	8.6	7.4	7.6	7.3	6.2	5.6
Greece	9.9	9.6	8.6	7.8	7.8	10.2	13.8	22.1
Ireland	4.5	4.2	4.6	5.6	10.6	13.2	14.7	14.8
Italy	7.8	7.7	6.1	6.6	6.9	8.8	8.3	10.3
Luxembourg	4.3	4.8	4.9	4.4	6.1	5.6	4.3	5.0
Netherlands	4.9	4.0	3.4	2.8	2.8	4.1	4.2	5.0
Portugal	7.4	7.6	8.2	7.6	8.5	10.5	12.6	15.1
Spain	9.9	8.7	8.1	9.5	17.4	19.1	20.7	24.1
Sweden	6.3	7.2	6.6	5.8	8.0	8.7	7.7	7.3
United Kingdom	4.6	5.0	5.5	5.2	6.6	7.9	7.7	8.1
Bulgaria			7.5	6.1	5.9	8.7	11.4	12.1
Cyprus	5.1	5.2	4.1	3.7	4.9	6.7	7.3	10.7
Czech Republic	8.0	7.7	5.6	4.4	5.5	7.9	6.9	6.8
Estonia	8.8	5.3	4.9	4.0	11.1	15.5	14.3	10.6
Hungary	6.8	7.4	7.3	7.6	9.2	11.0	11.8	11.1
Latvia	9.1	7.6	6.4	6.1	16.1	22.3	16.2	15.4
Lithuania	9.2	6.4	4.6	4.3	15.1	15.8	16.3	13.6
Malta	7.2	8.1	6.6	5.8	6.7	6.9	6.3	6.1
Poland	18.0	16.8	10.3	7.4	7.7	9.1	9.3	9.9
Romania			6.6	6.2	5.8	7.6	7.0	7.2
Slovakia	16.7	15.7	11.3	9.9	10.5	14.1	14.0	13.7
Slovenia	6.4	6.2	5.2	4.5	5.0	6.2	8.1	8.1
European Union	8.9	8.4	7.3	6.7	8.3	9.6	9.5	10.3
United States	5.1	4.7	4.4	5.1	8.5	9.7	8.8	8.2
Japan	4.5	4.1	4.0	3.9	4.4	4.8	4.6	4.5

Industries

The services sector is by far the most important sector in the European Union, making up 69.4% of GDP, compared to the manufacturing industry with 28.4% of GDP and agriculture with only 2.3% of GDP.

Agriculture

The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the European Union in the form of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This currently represents 40–50% of the EU's total spending. It guarantees a minimum price for farmers in the EU. This is criticised as a form of protectionism, inhibiting trade, and damaging developing countries; one of the most vocal opponents is the UK, the third largest economy within the bloc, which has repeatedly refused to give up the annual UK rebate unless the CAP undergoes significant reform; France, the biggest benefactor of the CAP and the bloc's second largest economy, is its most vocal proponent.

Tourism

The European Union is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from outside of the Union and citizens travelling inside it. Internal tourism is made more convenient for the citizens of some EU member states by the Schengen treaty and the Euro. All citizens of the European Union are entitled to travel to any member state without the need of a visa.

France is the world's number one tourist destination for international visitors, followed by Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom at 2nd, 5th and 6th spots respectively. It is worth noting however a significant proportion of international visitors to EU countries are from other member states.

London, the capital of the United Kingdom is also the world's most visited city and the highest in tourism receipts, before Paris.

Companies

The European Union's member states are the birthplace of many of the world's largest leading multinational companies, and home to its global headquarters. Among these are distinguished companies ranked first in the world within their industry/sector, like Allianz, which is the largest financial service provider in the world by revenue; WPP plc which is the world's largest advertising agency by revenue; Airbus, which is the world's largest aircraft manufacturer; Air France-KLM, which is the largest airline company in the world in terms of total operating revenues; Amorim, which is the world's largest cork-processing and cork producer company; ArcelorMittal, which is the largest steel company in the world; Inditex which is the biggest fashion group in the world; Groupe Danone, which has the world leadership in the dairy products market.

Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest beer company in the world; L'Oréal Group, which is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company; LVMH, which is the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate; Nokia Corporation, which is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones; Royal Dutch Shell, which is one of the largest energy corporations in the world; and Stora Enso, which is the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of production capacity, in terms of banking and finance the EU has some of the worlds largest notably HSBC and Grupo Santander, the largest bank in Europe in terms of Market Capitalisation.

Many other European companies rank among the world's largest companies in terms of turnover, profit, market share, number of employees or other major indicators. A considerable number of EU-based companies are ranked among the worlds' top-ten within their sector of activity. Europe is also home to many prestigious car companies such as Audi, Mercedes, Jaguar Land Rover, Volkswagen, BMW group as well as volume manufacturers such as Fiat, PSA group and Renault.

Gini index

To date, one of the most commonly used measures of income inequality is the Gini index. The Gini coefficient measures income inequality on a scale from 0 to 1. On this scale 0 represents perfect equality with everyone having exactly the same income and 1 represents perfect inequality with one person having all income. According to the UN (UN), Gini index ratings for countries range from 0.247 in Denmark to 0.743 in Namibia. Most post-industrial nations had a Gini coefficient in the range 0.25 to 0.40. In 2005 the Gini index for the EU was estimated at 0.31 and as a comparison the USA had 0.463.

Regional variation

Comparing the richest areas of the EU can be a difficult task. This is because the NUTS 1 & 2 regions are not homogenous, some of them being very large regions, such as NUTS-1 Hesse (21,100 km²) or NUTS-1 Île-de-France (12,011 km²), whilst other NUTS regions are much smaller, for example NUTS-1 Hamburg (755 km²) or NUTS-1 Greater London (1,580 km²). An extreme example is Finland, which is divided for historical reasons into mainland Finland with 5.3 million inhabitants and Åland, an autonomous archipelago with a population of 27,000, or about the population of a small Finnish city.

One problem with this data is that some areas, including Greater London, are subject to a large number of commuters coming into the area, thereby artificially inflating the figures. It has the effect of raising GDP but not altering the number of people living in the area, inflating the GDP per capita figure. Similar problems can be produced by a large number of tourists visiting the area. The data is used to define regions that are supported with financial aid in programs such as the European Regional Development Fund. The decision to delineate a Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) region is to a large extent arbitrary (i.e. not based on objective and uniform criteria across Europe), and is decided at European level (See also: Regions of the European Union).

Top 10: economically strongest NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions

The 10 NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions with the highest GDP per capita are almost all, except two, in the first fifteen member states: Prague and Bratislava are the only ones in the 12 new member states that joined in May 2004 and January 2007. The leading regions in the ranking of NUTS-2 regional GDP per inhabitant in 2008 were Inner London in the United Kingdom (343% of the average), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (279%) and Bruxelles/Brussels in Belgium (216%). Figures for these three regions, however, are artificially inflated by the commuters who do not reside in these regions ("Net commuter inflows in these regions push up production to a level that could not be achieved by the resident active population on its own. The result is that GDP per inhabitant appears to be overestimated in these regions and underestimated in regions with commuter outflows.").

Another example of artificial inflation is Groningen. The calculated GDP per capita is very high due to the large natural gas reserves in this region. However, Groningen is in fact one of the poorest parts in the Netherlands. Among the 40 NUTS-2 regions exceeding the 125% level, ten were in Germany, five in the Netherlands, four each in Austria and United Kingdom, three each in Spain and Italy, two each in Belgium and Finland, one each in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ireland, France, Slovakia and Sweden, as well as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The NUTS Regulation lays down a minimum population size of 3 million and a maximum size of 7 million for the average NUTS-1 region, whereas a minimum of 800,000 and a maximum of 3 million for NUTS-2 regions ¹ . This definition, however, is not respected by Eurostat. E.g.: the région of Île-de-France, with 11.6 million inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-2 region, while the state of Bremen, with only 664,000 inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-1 region.

Rank	NUTS-2 Region	Member state	GDP per capita
Rank	NUTS-2 Region	Member state	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
1.	Inner London	United Kingdom	78,000	332 %
2.	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	62,500	266%
3.	Île-de-France	France	54,100	223 %
4.	Hamburg	Germany	44,100	188 %
5.	Bratislavský kraj	Slovakia	41,800	178 %
6.	Bruxelles-Cap., Brussels Hfdst.	Belgium	41,500	177 %
7.	Praha	Czech Republic	41,200	175 %
8.	Stockholm	Sweden	40,400	172 %
9.	Groningen	Netherlands	40,000	170 %
10.	Åland	Finland	38,500	164 %

Rank	NUTS-1 Region	Member state	GDP per capita
Rank	NUTS-1 Region	Member state	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
1.	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	70,000	279%
2.	Île-de-France	France	54,100	216 %
3.	Bruxelles-Cap., Brussels Hfdst.	Belgium	51,100	206 %
4.	London	United Kingdom	49,200	196 %
5.	Hamburg	Germany	47,100	188 %
6.	Bremen	Germany	39,500	158 %
7.	Åland	Finland	36,300	145 %
8.	West-Nederland	Netherlands	36,300	145 %
9.	Östra Sverige	Sweden	35,000	140 %
10.	Hessen	Germany	34,800	139 %
11.	Noord-Holland	Netherlands	34,500	138 %
12.	Bayern	Germany	33,900	135 %
13.	España central	Spain	33,500	134 %
14.	Ireland	Ireland	33,300	133%
15.	Baden-Württemberg	Germany	32,400	129 %
16.	Ostösterreich	Austria	32,400	129 %
17.	Westösterreich	Austria	32,200	128 %
18.	Zuid-Nederland	Netherlands	32,100	128 %
19.	Catalunya	Spain	31,900	127 %
20.	Nord Ovest	Italy	31,500	126 %

Source: Eurostat

Economically weakest NUTS-2 regions

The twenty lowest regions in the ranking in 2008 were all in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Hungary, with the lowest figures recorded in Severozapaden in Bulgaria (27% of the average), followed by Nord-Est (29%) in Romania, Severen tsentralen in Bulgaria (29%) and Yuzhen tsentralen in Bulgaria (31%). Among the 64 regions below the 75% level, fifteen were in Poland, seven each in the Czech republic and Romania, six each in Bulgaria and Hungary, four each in Italy and Portugal, three each in Greece, France (all overseas departments) and Slovakia, two in the United Kingdom, one in Spain, as well as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Rank	NUTS-2 Region	Member state	GDP per capita
Rank	NUTS-2 Region	Member state	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
1.	Severozapaden	Bulgaria	6,400	27 %
2.	Nord-Est	Romania	6,900	29 %
3.	Severen tsentralen	Bulgaria	6,900	29 %
4.	Yuzhen tsentralen	Bulgaria	7,200	31 %
5.	Sud-Vest Oltenia	Romania	8,400	36 %
6.	Severoiztochen	Bulgaria	8,400	36 %
8.	Yugoiztochen	Bulgaria	8,500	36 %
7.	Sud-Est	Romania	8,900	38 %
9.	Észak Magyaroszág	Hungary	9,300	40 %
10.	Sud – Muntenia	Romania	9,500	40 %

Rank	NUTS-1 Region	Member state	GDP per capita
Rank	NUTS-1 Region	Member state	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
1.	Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria	Bulgaria	8,300	33 %
2.	Macroregiunea Doi	Romania	8,300	33 %
3.	Region Wschodni	Poland	10,100	40 %
4.	Alföld és Észak	Hungary	10,300	41 %
5.	Macroregiunea Patru	Romania	10,700	43 %
6.	Macroregiunea Unu	Romania	10,800	43 %
7.	Region Północny	Poland	12,200	49 %
8.	Yugozapadna i Yuzhna Tsentralna Bulgaria	Bulgaria	13,700	55 %
9.	Region Północno-Zachodni	Poland	13,700	55 %
10.	Dunántúl	Hungary	13,800	55 %
11.	Region Południowy	Poland	14,000	56 %
12.	Latvia	Latvia	14,100	56%
13.	Region Południowo-Zachodni	Poland	14,300	57 %
14.	Lithuania	Lithuania	15,300	61%
15.	Départements d'Outre-Mer	France	16,400	65 %
16.	Estonia	Estonia	17,000	68%
17.	Sud	Italy	17,200	69 %
18.	Macroregiunea Trei	Romania	17,300	69 %
19.	Isole	Italy	17,400	69 %
20.	Açores	Portugal	18,100	72 %

Source: Eurostat

Richest & Poorest NUTS Regions (GDP PPP 2009)

Richest & Poorest NUTS-2 Regions (GDP PPP 2009)

Member State	Region	GDP per capita
Member State	Region	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
European Union		23,500	100.0%
Austria		29,300	125%
Richest	Wien	37,900	161 %
	Salzburg	33,400	142 %
	Vorarlberg	30,900	131 %
	Tirol	30,800	131 %
	Oberösterreich	29,200	124 %
	Steiermark	25,400	108 %
	Kärnten	24,400	104 %
	Niederösterreich	24,100	102 %
Poorest	Burgenland	19,800	84 %
Belgium		27,700	118%
Richest	Bruxelles-Cap., Brussels Hfdst.	52,500	223 %
	Antwerpen	31,700	135 %
	Vlaams Brabant	29,700	126 %
	Brabant Wallon	28,100	119 %
	West-Vlaanderen	26,000	111 %
	Oost-Vlaanderen	25,000	107 %
	Limburg	22,300	95 %
	Liége	20,700	88 %
	Namur	19,600	84 %
	Luxembourg	18,800	80 %
Poorest	Hainaut	18,100	77 %
Bulgaria		10,300	44%
Richest	Yugozapaden	17,700	75 %
	Yugoiztochen	8,500	36 %
	Severoiztochen	8,400	36 %
	Yuzhen tsentralen	7,200	31 %
	Severen tsentralen	6,900	29 %
Poorest	Severozapaden	6,400	27 %
Cyprus		23,500	100%
Czech Republic		19,300	80%
Richest	Praha	41,200	175 %
	Jihovýchod	17,500	75 %
	Střední Čechy	17,300	74 %
	Jihozápad	16,700	71 %
	Moravskoslezsko	15,900	68 %
	Severozápad	15,700	67 %
	Severovýchod	15,700	67 %
Poorest	Střední Morava	15,500	66 %
Denmark		28,900	123%
Richest	Hovedstaden	34,900	149 %
	Midtjylland	27,000	115 %
	Nordjylland	25,900	110 %
	Syddanmark	25,800	110 %
Poorest	Sjælland	21,100	90 %
Estonia		14,900	64%
Finland		26,900	115%
Richest	Åland	38,500	164 %
	Etelä-Suomi	31,000	132 %
	Länsi-Suomi	24,200	103 %
	Pohjois-Suomi	22,200	95 %
Poorest	Itä-Suomi	20,000	85 %
France		25,400	108%
Richest	Île-de-France	54,100	223%
	Rhône-Alpes	25,500	109 %
	Alsace	23,900	102 %
	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	23,700	101 %
	Midi-Pyrénées	22,800	97 %
	Pays de la Loire	22,600	96 %
	Aquitaine	22,600	96 %
	Champagne-Ardenne	21,800	93 %
	Upper Normandy	21,800	93 %
	Burgundy	21,600	92 %
	Centre	21,600	92 %
	Brittany	21,200	90 %
	Corsica	21,200	90 %
	Nord-Pas-de-Calais	20,700	88 %
	Auvergne	20,500	87 %
	Poitou-Charentes	20,300	86 %
	Franche-Comté	20,200	86 %
	Languedoc-Roussillon	20,200	86 %
	Lorraine	20,000	85 %
	Lower Normandy	19,800	84 %
	Limousin	19,700	84 %
	Picardy	19,400	83 %
	Martinique	16,900	72 %
	Réunion	15,700	67 %
	Guadeloupe	15,500	66 %
Poorest	French Guiana	12,400	53 %
Germany		27,200	116%
Richest	Hamburg	44,100	188 %
	Oberbayern	37,700	160 %
	Bremen	37,500	160 %
	Darmstadt	37,100	158 %
	Düsseldorf	31,300	133 %
	Stuttgart	31,100	132 %
	Mittelfranken	31,000	132 %
	Karlsruhe	30,700	131 %
	Oberpfalz	28,600	122 %
	Tübingen	28,100	120 %
	Schwaben	27,900	119 %
	Köln	27,400	117 %
	Niederbayern	27,000	115 %
	Unterfranken	26,900	115 %
	Hannover	26,900	114 %
	Kassel	26,700	114 %
	Oberfranken	26,400	112 %
	Freiburg	26,200	111 %
	Saarland	25,800	110 %
	Detmold	25,400	108 %
	Gießen	25,200	107 %
	Braunschweig	25,200	107 %
	Berlin	24,800	106 %
	Arnsberg	24,700	105 %
	Rheinhessen-Pfalz	24,600	105 %
	Schleswig-Holstein	24,100	103 %
	Weser-Ems	23,700	101 %
	Münster	23,100	98 %
	Koblenz	22,600	96 %
	Trier	22,400	95 %
	Leipzig	21,600	92 %
	Brandenburg-Südwest	21,300	91 %
	Dresden	20,900	89 %
	Lüneburg	19,900	85 %
	Sachsen-Anhalt	19,800	84 %
	Thüringen	19,800	84 %
	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	19,800	84 %
	Chemnitz	19,600	84 %
Poorest	Brandenburg-Nordost	18,400	78 %
Greece		22,100	94%
Richest	Αττικής – Attica	29,100	124 %
	Βορείου Αιγαίου – North Aegean	26,800	114 %
	Στερεά Ελλάδα – Central Greece	20,500	87 %
	Δυτικής Μακεδονίας – West Macedonia	20,300	86 %
	Κρήτη – Crete	19,900	85 %
	Ιονίων Νησιών – Ionian Islands	19,100	81 %
	Πελοποννήσου – Peloponnese	17,900	76 %
	Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας – Central Macedonia	17,900	76 %
	Νοτίου Αιγαίου – South Aegean	17,900	76 %
	Θεσσαλίας – Thessaly	17,000	72 %
	Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης – East Macedonia and Thrace	16,500	70 %
	Δυτική Ελλάδα – West Greece	15,500	66 %
Poorest	Ηπείρου – Hepirus	15,300	65 %
Hungary		15,200	65%
Richest	Közép Magyarország	25,500	109 %
	Nyugat Dunántúl	14,200	60 %
	Közép Dunántúl	12,600	54 %
	Dél Dunántúl	10,500	45 %
	Dél Alföld	10,100	43 %
	Észak Alföld	9,900	42 %
Poorest	Észak Magyaroszág	9,300	40 %
Ireland		30,000	128%
Richest	Southern and Eastern	33,300	142 %
Poorest	Border, Midland and Western	20,800	89 %
Italy		24,300	104%
Richest	South Tyrol	34,700	148 %
	Lombardia	31,300	133 %
	Valle d’Aosta	31,100	133 %
	Emilia–Romagna	29,900	127 %
	Trentino	29,300	125 %
	Lazio	28,400	121 %
	Veneto	28,100	120 %
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia	27,200	116 %
	Toscana	26,800	114 %
	Piemonte	26,100	111 %
	Liguria	26,100	111 %
	Marche	24,600	105 %
	Umbria	22,500	96 %
	Abruzzo	20,300	86 %
	Molise	19,700	84 %
	Sardegna	18,800	80 %
	Basilicata	17,600	75 %
	Puglia	16,200	69 %
	Sicilia	16,100	68 %
	Calabria	15,900	68 %
Poorest	Campania	15,800	67 %
Latvia		12,000	51%
Lithuania		12,800	55%
Luxembourg		62,500	266%
Malta		19,200	82%
Netherlands		31,000	132%
Richest	Groningen	40,000	170 %
	Utrecht	36,900	157 %
	Noord-Holland	35,400	151 %
	Noord-Brabant	31,100	132 %
	Zuid-Holland	30,900	131 %
	Zeeland	28,600	122 %
	Limburg	26,900	114 %
	Overijssel	26,900	114 %
	Gelderland	26,600	113 %
	Friesland	25,300	108 %
	Drenthe	23,700	101 %
Poorest	Flevoland	22,700	97 %
Poland		14,300	61%
Richest	Mazowieckie	22,800	97 %
	Dolnośląskie	15,500	66 %
	Śląskie	15,300	65 %
	Wielkopolskie	15,100	65 %
	Pomorskie	13,900	59 %
	Łódzkie	13,000	55 %
	Zachodniopomorskie	12,500	53 %
	Małopolskie	12,200	52 %
	Lubuskie	12,200	52 %
	Kujawsko-Pomorskie	12,100	51 %
	Opolskie	11,600	50 %
	Świętokrzyskie	11,100	47 %
	Warmińsko-Mazurskie	10,500	45 %
	Podlaskie	10,500	45 %
	Podkarpackie	9,800	42 %
Poorest	Lubelskie	9,600	41 %
Portugal		18,800	80%
Richest	Lisboa	26,400	112 %
	Madeira	24,600	105 %
	Algarve	19,900	85 %
	Açores	17,700	75 %
	Alentejo	17,000	72 %
	Centro	15,600	66 %
Poorest	Norte	14,900	64 %
Romania		11,000	47%
Richest	Bucureşti – Ilfov	26,100	111 %
	Vest	12,100	52 %
	Centru	10,700	46 %
	Nord-Vest	10,100	43 %
	Sud – Muntenia	9,500	40 %
	Sud-Est	8,900	38 %
	Sud-Vest Oltenia	8,400	36 %
Poorest	Nord-Est	6,900	29 %
Slovakia		17,000	73%
Richest	Bratislavský kraj	41,800	178 %
	Západné Slovensko	16,100	68 %
	Stredné Slovensko	13,600	58 %
Poorest	Východné Slovensko	11,500	49 %
Slovenia		20,500	87%
Richest	Zahodna Slovenija	24,600	105 %
Poorest	Vzhodna Slovenija	16,900	72 %
Spain		24,200	103%
Richest	Madrid	31,900	136 %
	Basque Country	31,600	134 %
	Navarre	30,500	130 %
	Catalonia	28,200	120 %
	Aragón	26,700	113 %
	La Rioja	26,500	113 %
	Islas Baleares	25,700	110 %
	Cantabria	23,500	100 %
	Castilla y León	23,200	99 %
	Asturias	22,500	96 %
	Ceuta	22,000	94 %
	Galicia	21,800	93 %
	Comunidad Valenciana	21,400	91 %
	Islas Canarias	20,500	87 %
	Melilla	20,300	87 %
	Murcia	20,300	86 %
	Castilla-La Mancha	19,600	84 %
	Andalucía	18,600	79 %
Poorest	Extremadura	16,900	72 %
Sweden		28,100	119%
Richest	Stockholm	40,400	172 %
	Västsverige	26,200	112 %
	Mellersta Norrland	25,800	110 %
	Övre Norrland	24,800	106 %
	Småland med öarna	24,000	102 %
	Sydsverige	24,000	102 %
	Östra Mellansverige	23,800	101 %
Poorest	Norra Mellansverige	23,500	100 %
United Kingdom		26,000	111%
Richest	Inner London	78,000	332 %
	North Eastern Scotland	37,200	158 %
	Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire	33,400	142 %
	Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire	27,200	116 %
	Gloucestershire, Wiltshire & Bristol	26,800	114 %
	Cheshire	26,600	113 %
	Surrey, East & West Sussex	26,600	113 %
	Hampshire & Isle of Wight	25,900	110 %
	Eastern Scotland	25,800	110 %
	Leicestershire, Rutland & Northamptonshire	24,700	105 %
	South Western Scotland	23,500	100 %
	East Wales	23,300	99 %
	East Anglia	23,200	99 %
	Outer London	22,600	96 %
	Greater Manchester	22,500	96 %
	West Yorkshire	22,500	96 %
	West Midlands	22,000	94 %
	Herefordshire, Worcestershire & Warwickshire	22,000	93 %
	Dorset & Somerset	22,000	93 %
	North Yorkshire	21,800	93 %
	Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire	21,800	93 %
	Kent	21,100	90 %
	Essex	20,900	89 %
	Northumberland and Tyne & Wear	20,700	88 %
	Cumbria	20,600	88 %
	Devon	20,300	86 %
	East Riding & Northern Lincolnshire	19,800	84 %
	Highlands & Islands	19,800	84 %
	Lancashire	19,600	83 %
	Northern Ireland	19,500	83 %
	Shropshire & Staffordshire	19,300	82 %
	South Yorkshire	19,300	82 %
	Merseyside	18,600	79 %
	Lincolnshire	18,500	79 %
	Tees Valley & Durham	18,200	77 %
	Cornwall & Isles of Scilly	16,900	72 %
Poorest	West Wales & The Valleys	16,100	68 %

Richest & Poorest NUTS-1 Regions (GDP PPP 2008)

Member State	Region	GDP per capita
Member State	Region	in Euros	As % of EU-27 average
European Union		25,100	100.0%
Austria		31,100	124%
Richest	Ostösterreich	32,400	129 %
	Westösterreich	32,200	128 %
Poorest	Südösterreich	26,700	106 %
Belgium		28,800	115%
Richest	Bruxelles-Cap., Brussels Hfdst.	54,100	216 %
	Vlaams Gewest	28,800	115 %
Poorest	Région Wallonne	21,000	84 %
Bulgaria		10,900	44%
Richest	Yugozapadna i Yuzhna Tsentralna Bulgaria	13,700	55 %
Poorest	Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria	8,300	33 %
Cyprus		24,400	97%
Czech Republic		20,200	80%
Denmark		30,800	123%
Estonia		17,000	68%
Finland		29,500	118%
Richest	Åland	36,300	145 %
Poorest	Manner-Suomi	29,500	118 %
France		26,700	107%
Richest	Île-de-France	51,100	212 %
	Centre-est	26,000	104 %
	Sud-ouest	23,700	95 %
	Méditerranée	23,600	94 %
	Ouest	23,300	93 %
	Bassin parisien	23,000	92 %
	Est	22,800	91 %
	Nord-Pas-de-Calais	21,700	87 %
Poorest	Départements d'Outre-Mer	16,400	65 %
Germany		29,000	116%
Richest	Hamburg	47,100	188 %
	Bremen	39,500	158 %
	Hessen	34,800	139 %
	Bayern	33,900	135 %
	Baden-Württemberg	32,400	129 %
	Nordrhein-Westfalen	29,100	116 %
	Saarland	28,700	114 %
	Niedersachsen	25,500	102 %
	Rheinland-Pfalz	25,100	100 %
	Schleswig-Holstein	24,900	99 %
	Berlin	24,700	99 %
	Sachsen	21,500	86 %
	Sachsen-Anhalt	21,400	85 %
	Thüringen	21,100	84 %
	Brandenburg	20,500	82 %
Poorest	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	20,400	81 %
Greece		23,500	94%
Richest	Attica	28,200	113 %
	Aegean Islands, Crete	24,200	97 %
	Central Greece	20,900	83 %
Poorest	Northern Greece	19,600	78 %
Hungary		16,200	64%
Richest	Közép Magyarország	26,800	107 %
	Dunántúl	13,800	55 %
Poorest	Alföld és Észak	10,300	41 %
Ireland		33,300	133%
Italy		26,000	104%
Richest	Nord Ovest	31,500	126 %
	Nord Est	31,000	124 %
	Centro	29,000	116 %
	Isole	17,400	69 %
Poorest	Sud	17,200	69 %
Latvia		14,100	56%
Lithuania		15,300	61%
Luxembourg		70,000	279%
Malta		19,500	78%
Netherlands		33,500	134%
Richest	West-Nederland	36,300	145 %
	Noord-Nederland	34,500	138 %
	Zuid-Nederland	32,100	128 %
Poorest	Oost-Nederland	28,200	112 %
Poland		14,100	56%
Richest	Region Centralny	19,200	77 %
	Region Południowo-Zachodni	14,300	57 %
	Region Południowy	14,000	56 %
	Region Północno-Zachodni	13,700	55 %
	Region Północny	12,200	49 %
Poorest	Region Wschodni	10,100	40 %
Portugal		19,500	78%
Richest	Madeira	25,800	103 %
	Continente	19,400	77 %
Poorest	Açores	18,300	73 %
Romania		11,700	47%
Richest	Macroregiunea Trei	17,300	69 %
	Macroregiunea Unu	10,800	43 %
	Macroregiunea Patru	10,700	43 %
Poorest	Macroregiunea Doi	8,300	33 %
Slovakia		18,100	72%
Slovenia		22,800	91%
Spain		25,900	103%
Richest	Madrid	33,500	134 %
	Noreste	31,900	127 %
	Este	27,400	110 %
	Noroeste	23,300	93 %
	Canarias	22,600	90 %
	Centro	22,000	88 %
Poorest	Sur	20,200	81 %
Sweden		30,700	122%
Richest	Östra Sverige	35,000	140 %
	Södra Sverige	28,100	112 %
Poorest	Norra Sverige	27,800	111 %
United Kingdom		28,700	115%
Richest	London	49,200	196 %
	South East (England)	30,400	121 %
	Scotland	28,000	112 %
	East of England	27,200	109 %
	South West (England)	26,100	104 %
	East Midlands (England)	25,100	100 %
	West Midlands (England)	24,800	99 %
	North West (England)	24,200	97 %
	Yorkshire & the Humber	24,000	96 %
	Northern Ireland	22,800	91 %
	North East (England)	22,200	89 %
Poorest	Wales	21,200	85 %

Source: Eurostat

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