1913
Related subjects: Years
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1880s 1890s 1900s – 1910s – 1920s 1930s 1940s |
| Years: | 1910 1911 1912 – 1913 – 1914 1915 1916 |
| 1913 by topic: |
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| By country |
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| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1913 MCMXIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2666 |
| Armenian calendar | 1362 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6663 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 69–70 |
| Bengali calendar | 1320 |
| Berber calendar | 2863 |
| British Regnal year | 2 Geo. 5 – 3 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2457 |
| Burmese calendar | 1275 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7421–7422 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬子年十一月廿四日 (4549/4609-11-24) — to — 癸丑年十二月初五日(4550/4610-12-5) |
| Coptic calendar | 1629–1630 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1905–1906 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5673–5674 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1969–1970 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1835–1836 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5014–5015 |
| Holocene calendar | 11913 |
| Igbo calendar | |
| - Ǹrí Ìgbò | 913–914 |
| Iranian calendar | 1291–1292 |
| Islamic calendar | 1331–1332 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 2 (大正2年) |
| Juche calendar | 2 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4246 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 2 民國2年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2456 |
Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.
Events
January
- January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify and censor films.
- January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.
- January 23 – General election in Tasmania.
- January 23 – In 1913 Ottoman coup d'état Ismail Enver comes to power.
- January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill
February
- February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
- February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes.
- February 9 – Mexican Revolution: Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.
- February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office
- February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez.
March
- March
- The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
- Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator.
- c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 on board.
- March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
- March 4
- Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as President of the United States.
- The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.
- March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour.
- March 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
- March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
- March 17 – The Uruguayan Air Force is founded.
- March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son Constantine.
- March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party ( Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies two days later.
- March 26 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as head of the Constitutionals.
- March 26 – Balkan War: Bulgarian forces take Adrianople.
April
- April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
- April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
May
- May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
- May 13 – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine aircraft.
- May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
- May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring, with music by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich, is premièred by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history.
- May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control.
June
- June 1 – The Greek-Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
- June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies 4 days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.
- June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics, later to be cancelled the result of World War I.
- June 11 – Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
- June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
- June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa forbids blacks from owning or buying land from whites.
- June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
- June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins.
July
- the foundation of the Iglesia ni Cristo an independent sect of Christianity in the Philippines.
- July 10
- Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
- Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the highest temperature recorded in the world (as of 2012).
- July 27 – Foundation of the town of San Javier, Uruguay, by Russian settlers.
August
- August 4 – In China, the province of Chungking declares independence; Chinese Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
- August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
- August 13 – Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield.
- August 20 – After his airplane failed at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pegoud became the first person to bail out to safety from an airplane and to land safely.
- August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman.
- August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in dispersing a demonstration.
September
- September 9 – In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about a third of the world's population.
- September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
- September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
- September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
October
- October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
- October 10
- U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- Yuan Shikai elected as President of the Republic of China.
- October 14 – Senghenydd Colliery Disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.
- October 16 – HMS Queen Elizabeth launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.
- October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
- October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
- October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
November
- November 5 – The insane King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
- November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- November 7– 11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships and more than 250 lives.
December
- December 1
- The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
- Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the first Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
- December 12 – Vincenzo Perugia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
- December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
- December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.
Date unknown
- Establishment of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Bangladesh
- Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
- French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.
- The Camel cigarette brand is introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States, the first packaged cigarette.
- The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
- The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.
Births
January–February
- January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong veteran actor (d. 2009)
- January 2 – Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
- January 6
- January 9 – Richard M. Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
- January 10 – Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991)
- January 15
- January 18
- January 22
- January 23
- January 25
- January 29 – Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer (d. 2001)
- February 2 – Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- February 6 – Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
- February 10 – Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer
- February 13
- February 14
- February 20 – Tommy Henrich, American baseball player (d. 2009)
- February 25
- February 27
March–April
- March 1 – R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
- March 2 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
- March 3 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish painter (d. 2007)
- March 4 – John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
- March 13
- March 18
- March 21 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
- March 26
- March 29 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
- March 30
- March 31 – Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006)
- April 3 – Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
- April 4 – Frances Langford, American singer and actress (d. 2005)
- April 7 – Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
- April 8
- April 11 – Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006)
- April 14 – Jean Fournet, French conductor (d. 2008)
- April 16 – Les Tremayne, British-born American actor (d. 2003)
- April 21 – Doctor Richard Beeching, Chairman of British Rail (d. 1985)
- April 27 – Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
May–June
- May 1
- May 4 – Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009)
- May 5 – Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)
- May 8
- May 11 – Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
- May 13 – William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of Liberia (d. 1980)
- May 16 – Woody Herman, American musician and band leader (d. 1987)
- May 20 – William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001)
- May 24 – Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer (d. 2007)
- May 26 – Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
- May 29 – Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
- June 6 – Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
- June 10 – Benjamin Shapira, a German-born Israeli biochemist and recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1993)
- June 11
- Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
- Risë Stevens, American mezzosoprano
- June 18
- June 25 – Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
- June 26
- June 27 – Richard Pike Bissell, author of short stories and novels (d. 1977)
- June 28 – Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker (d. 2007)
- June 30 – Alfonso López Michelsen, President of Colombia (d. 2007)
July–August
- July 3 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965)
- July 7 – Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d. 2011)
- July 10 – Salvador Espriu, Catalan poet (d. 1985)
- July 12
- July 13
- July 14 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
- July 15 – Abraham Sutzkever, Yiddish language poet and memoirist (d. 2010)
- July 17 – Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier (d. 2012)
- July 18 – Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
- July 22
- Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter (d. 1995)
- Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano
- July 23 – Michael Foot, British politician (d. 2010)
- July 24 – Robert Emhardt, American actor (d. 1994)
- July 29 – Erich Priebke, German war criminal and leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre
- July 30 – Lou Darvas, American artist and cartoonist (d. 1987)
- August 8
- August 10
- Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994)
- August 13
- August 16 – Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
- August 17
- W. Mark Felt, American Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director and Deep Throat Watergate informant (d. 2008)
- Rudy York, American baseball player (d. 1970)
- August 19 – Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
- August 20 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- August 27 – Nina Schenk von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. 2006)
- August 28
- August 29 – Jan Ekier, Polish pianist and composer
- August 30 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- August 31
September–October
- September 1 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and graphic artist (d. 1979)
- September 2
- September 4
- September 10 – Lincoln Gordon, American diplomat (d. 2009)
- September 11
- September 12
- Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)
- Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist
- September 13 – Roy Engel, American actor (d. 1980)
- September 14
- September 15 – John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
- September 19 – Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
- September 22 – Lillian Chestney, American painter (d. 2000)
- September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007)
- September 24
- Wilson Rawls, American author (d. 1984)
- Herb Jeffries, American jazz singer
- September 25 – Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, engineer (d. 1970)
- September 28 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist and illustrator (d. 2007)
- September 29
- September 30 – Bill Walsh, American movie producer and writer (d. 1975)
- October 10
- October 11 – Joe Simon, American comic book artist and writer (d. 2011)
- October 18 – Evelyn Venable, American actress (d. 1993)
- October 20 – Barney Phillips, American actor (d. 1982)
- October 22
- October 27 – Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian and anthropologist
November–December
- November 2 – Burt Lancaster, American actor (Elmer Gantry) (d. 1994)
- November 5 – Vivien Leigh, British actress (Gone With The Wind) (d. 1967)
- November 7
- Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
- Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor (d. 2009)
- November 9 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
- November 10 – Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005)
- November 13 – Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985)
- November 15 – Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
- November 18 – Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1999)
- November 21
- November 22
- Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
- Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d. 2006)
- November 23 – Virginia Prince, American transgender activist (d. 2009)
- November 25 – Lewis Thomas, American physician and essayist (d. 1993)
- December 6
- December 8 – Delmore Schwartz, American poet (d. 1966)
- December 10
- December 13 – Arnold Brown, Salvation Army general (d. 2002)
- December 15 – Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d. 1980)
- December 16 – George Ignatieff, Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. 1989)
- December 18
- December 21 – Arnold Friberg, American artist (d. 2010)
- December 30 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (d. 2002)
Date unknown
- Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (d. 1999)
Deaths
January–June
- January 2 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
- January 4 – Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833)
- January 16 – Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aeronaut, scientist, and inventor (b. 1832)
- February 17 – Edward Stanley Gibbons, English philatelist and founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b. 1840)
- February 22 – Francisco I. Madero, President of Mexico (b. 1873)
- February 26 – Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
- March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist (b. 1820)
- March 11 – John Shaw Billings, American military and medical leader (b. 1838)
- March 18 – King George I of Greece (b. 1845)
- March 22 – Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1882)
- March 25 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (b. 1833)
- March 31 – J. P. Morgan, American financier and banker (b. 1837)
- May 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger and U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)
- May 16 – Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1849)
- June 2 – Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b. 1835)
- June 5 – Chris von der Ahe, German-born brewer and baseball owner
- June 8 – Emily Davison, British suffragette (b. 1872)
- June 28 – Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles, Brazilian president (b. 1841)
July–December
- July 3 – Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War naval hero (b. 1845)
- July 13 – Edward Burd Grubb, Jr., American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841)
- July 19 – Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia (b. 1852)
- July 29 – Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- August 7 – Samuel Franklin Cody, American/British aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
- September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engine inventor (b. 1858)
- October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
- October 16 – Ralph Rose, American athlete (b. 1885)
- November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
- November 22 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan (b. 1837)
- December 1 – Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short story writer (b. 1864)
- December 7
- December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
- Chemistry – Alfred Werner
- Medicine – Charles Richet
- Literature – Rabindranath Tagore
- Peace – Henri La Fontaine
