parentheses

Examples of parentheses in the following topics:

• Parentheses

• Parentheses

  • Parentheses can be used to interject remarks or other information into a sentence.
  • Parentheses may also be nested (usually with one set (such as this) inside another set).
  • When several sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses, the ending punctuation is placed within the parentheses.
  • Parentheses are sometimes used to enclose numbers within a sentence.
  • The numbers within parentheses highlight the items applicants need to include.

• MLA: In-Text Citations and Parentheticals

  • To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—the citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence.
  • If you choose, you can integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself—this is known as a "signal phrase"—and provide just the page number in parentheses:

• APA: Reporting Statistics

  • Also, include the important values in parentheses, and the test information and significance at the end of the sentence.

• APA: The References Section

  • After the author's name, you provide the year, inside parentheses, in which the source was published, followed by a period.
  • It may look odd, but make sure your period is outside the parentheses.
  • If the particular journal you're citing lists an issue number in addition to the volume number, as this one does, include it in parentheses immediately after the volume, and do not italicize it.

• Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): In-Text References and Parentheticals

  • To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence.
  • If you choose, you can integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself—this is known as a "signal phrase"—and provide just the year in parentheses:

• APA: In-Text Citations and Parentheticals

  • To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—the citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence.
  • If you choose, you can integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself—this is known as a "signal phrase"—and provide just the year in parentheses:

• APA: Series and Lists

  • If you are including a simple, relatively short list of three to five items within a paragraph—also known as a series—the proper formatting is to: (a) precede the list with a comma, (b) label each item with a lowercase letter enclosed in parentheses, and (c) separate each item with commas or semicolons.

• Incorporating Your Sources Into Your Paper

  • You should then include the page number or other relevant information in parentheses at the end of the phrase (the exact format will depend on the formatting style of your essay).

• Reading Challenging Texts

  • What punctuation or other techniques of emphasis (italics, capitals, underlining, ellipses, parentheses) does the author use?