Notes and Bibliography

Examples of Notes and Bibliography in the following topics:

• How to Reference Different Types of Sources in Footnotes

  • Footnotes are the preferred citation method for the Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography citation style.
  • These footnotes guide the reader to the corresponding entry in your bibliography.
  • Different types of source require different citation information, but they always follow the form of: author, title, publication information, and then either page number or website URL (all separated by commas). 
  • And remember, this information will also be contained, in a slightly different form, in your bibliography.
  • Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, Freakonomics (New York: William Morrow, 2005), 101.

• Chicago/Turabian (NB): How to Reference Different Types of Sources

  • In Chicago/Turabian NB style, there are different formats for citations in your bibliography depending on the type of source you are citing.
  • Now that you know the different components of a book citation in Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography (NB) style and how the citation should be formatted, you will be able to understand the citation formats for other source types.
  • Dubner, Stephen, and Steven Levitt.
  • "Detective Work and the Benefits of Colour Versus Black and White."
  • List the ways to cite different source types in a Chicago/Turabian bibliography

• Chicago/Turabian (NB): Footnotes and Endnotes

  • In Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography style, use footnotes or endnotes for citing sources in text.
  • Fuller information about that source is then contained in the paper's bibliography.
  • Think of the footnote as telling the reader where to go in your bibliography to find the source, and the bibliography entry as telling the reader where to go in the real world to find the source.
  • In the note, you will have the author's name, the title of the work, the publication information, and the page number:
  • If you cite this source again later in the paper (say, in your sixth note), you would simply write the author, title, and page number, separated by commas:

• Overall Structure and Formatting of a Chicago/Turabian Paper

  • All text in your paper should be double-spaced except for block quotations and image captions.
  • All page margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be at least 1 inch and no more than 1.5 inches.
  • The first line of every paragraph and footnote should be indented 0.5 inches.
  • The UK includes the countries of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  • However, it's a requirement in Chicago style, so double-check all your lists and series to make sure you include it!

• When to Use Chicago/Turabian Style

  • Chicago style is a citation and formatting style you may encounter in your academic career.
  • It is used by most historical journals and some social science publications.
  • It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent.
  • The most recent edition of The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text citation systems ("Author–Date" style, which is usually used in the social sciences) or footnotes and endnotes (this is called "Notes and bibliography" style, which is usually used in the humanities).
  • It can give information about in-text citation by page number or by year of publication; it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end.

• Maintaining an Annotated Bibliography

  • An annotated bibliography is a list of all your sources, including full citation information and notes on how you will use the sources.
  • An annotated bibliography is a list of all the sources you have researched, including both their full bibliographic citations and some notes on how you might want to use each resource in your work.
  • Annotated bibliographies are useful for several reasons.
  • Then explain if the source is credible, and note any potential bias you observe.
  • Annotated bibliographies include notes that explain what you found useful in each source, making it easier for you to refer back to appropriate sources later.

• Chicago/Turabian (NB): The Bibliography Section

  • In Chicago/Turabian papers using the Notes and Bibliography (NB) citation system, all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together and in full in the bibliography, which comes after the main text of your paper.
  • On the first line, the title of the page—“Bibliography”—should appear centered and not italicized or bolded.
  • Note that even though Chicago style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles within the article title are still italicized.
  • Finally, list the page numbers of the article, followed by a period [note that the dash between the first and second numbers is an en-dash (–), NOT a hyphen (-) or em-dash (—)]:
  • "Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA."

• Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): In-Text References and Parentheticals

  • If your professor asks you to cite sources with footnotes and bibliography rather than in-text citations, make sure you use the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method rather than the Author–Date method described here.
  • If you choose, you can integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself—this is known as a "signal phrase"—and provide just the year in parentheses:
  • If you include the authors’ names in the parenthetical, use the word "and" between the two names.
  • Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling and Liu 2005).
  • (“Et al.” is short for “et alia,” which means “and other people” in Latin—much like “etc.” is short for “et cetera,” which means “and other things” in Latin.)

• The Importance of Citing Your Sources

  • In-text citations come in two forms: the parenthetical, and the footnote (or endnote).
  • Footnotes include a number at the end of the sentence that directs the reader to the appropriate note at the bottom of the page.
  • Endnotes are exactly like footnotes, except the notes are at the end of the paper rather than at the bottom of the page.
  • Most style guides include sections on citing online sources and writers should pay extra attention to the rules for verifying and citing sources from the web.
  • Annotated bibliographies include notes that explain what you found useful in a source, making it easier for you to refer back to a source later.

• Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): The References Section

  • (If you are using NB, this will be called the bibliography.)
  • Note that even though APA style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles “Heart of Darkness” and “Things Fall Apart” within the article title are still italicized.
  • ", and the issue number:
  • Finally, list the page numbers of the article, followed by a period [note that the dash between the first and second numbers is an en-dash (–), NOT a hyphen (-) or em-dash (—)]:
  • "Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA."