Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that was determined by the ownership of land.
The manor system was an element of feudal society in the Middle Ages characterized by the legal and economic power of the lord of a manor.
Trade started to expand during the late-13th and early-14th centuries as forms of partnerships and financing began to appear.
During the High Middle Ages, the population of Europe more than doubled, but daily life remained harsh, with risk of disease and illness.
Developments in philosophy and theology and the formation of universities from the 11th century led to increased intellectual activity.
The renaissance of the 12th century was a highly productive time of social, political, and economic transformations, and saw important artistic, technological, and scientific advancements.
The Black Death was an infamous pandemic of bubonic plague and one of the most devastating pandemics in human history.