Examples of the Twenty-fifth dynasty in the following topics:
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The Third Intermediate Period
- The Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069-664 BCE) spanned the Twenty-first to Twenty-sixth Dynasties, and was marked by internal divisions within Egypt, as well as conquest and rule by foreigners.
- The period of the Twenty-first Dynasty was characterized by the country's fracturing kingship.
- The Twenty-second (c. 943-716 BCE) and Twenty-third (c. 880-720 BCE) Dynasties
- The country was firmly reunited by the Twenty-second Dynasty, founded by Shoshenq I in approximately 943 BCE.
- Following his military conquests, Piye established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty and appointed the defeated rulers as his provincial governors.
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Nubia
- Alara, a King of Kush who is the first recorded prince of Nubia, founded the Napatan, or Twenty-fifth, Kushite dynasty at Napata in Nubia, now the Sudan.
- Kashta's successor, Piye, seized control of Lower Egypt around 727 BCE, creating the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.
- The power of the Twenty-fifth dynasty reached a climax under Piye's son, Taharqa.
- It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids (many in modern Sudan) since the Middle Kingdom.
- On account of the Kingdom of Kush's proximity to Ancient Egypt—the first cataract at Elephantine usually being considered the traditional border between the two polities—and because the Twenty-fifth dynasty ruled over both states in the 8th century BCE, from the Rift Valley to the Taurus mountains, historians have closely associated the study of Kush with Egyptology.
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The Decline of Ancient Egypt
- After a renaissance in the Twenty-fifth dynasty, when religion, arts, and architecture (including pyramids) were restored, struggles against the Assyrians led to eventual conquest of Egypt by Esarhaddon in 671 BCE.
- Having been victorious in Egypt, the Assyrians installed a series of vassals known as the Saite kings of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.
- Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, also called the Twenty-seventh Dynasty.
- This ended in 402 BCE, and the last native royal house of dynastic Egypt, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, was ruled by Nectanebo II.
- Persian rule was restored briefly in 343 BCE, known as the Thirty-first Dynasty, but in 332 BCE, Egypt was handed over peacefully to the Macedonian ruler, Alexander the Great.
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The Assyrians
- Following the fall of the Akkadian Empire, c. 2154 BCE, and the short-lived succeeding Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, which ruled southern Assyria, Assyria regained full independence.
- However, a shift in the Assyrian's dominance occurred with the rise of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365 BCE-1056 BCE).
- It overthrew the Twenty-Fifth dynasty of Egypt, and conquered a number of other notable civilizations, including Babylonia, Elam, Media, Persia, Phoenicia/Canaan, Aramea (Syria), Arabia, Israel, and the Neo-Hittites.
- Map of the Ancient Near East during the 14th century BCE, showing the great powers of the day
- The extent of the Achaean/Mycenaean civilization is shown in purple.
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The Old Kingdom
- The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to the period from the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686-2181 BCE), when Egypt gained in complexity and achievement.
- The Fifth Dynasty began with Userkaf (2494-2487 BCE), and with several religious changes.
- The cult of the sun god Ra, and temples built for him, began to grow in importance during the Fifth Dynasty.
- They passed down the title through their lineage, thus creating local dynasties that were not under the control of the king.
- The Great Pyramid of Giza was built c. 2560 BCE, by Khufu during the Fourth Dynasty.
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Rise of the Ming Dynasty
- The Ming dynasty was founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang.
- The Ming dynasty (January 23, 1368–April 25, 1644), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang (known posthumously as Emperor Taizu).
- It succeeded the Yuan dynasty and preceded the short-lived Shun dynasty, which was in turn succeeded by the Qing dynasty.
- The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty.
- After about three years, he returned to the monastery and stayed there until he was around twenty-four years old.
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The New Kingdom
- The New Kingdom of Egypt spanned the Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c. 1550-1077 BCE), and was Egypt's most prosperous time.
- The Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties (1292-1069 BCE) are also known as the Ramesside period, after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses.
- Toward the end of this dynasty, the Hittites had expanded their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan, the outcome of which would be inherited by the rulers of the Nineteenth Dynasty.
- The Nineteenth Dynasty ended in a revolt led by Setnakhte, the founder of the Twentieth Dynasty.
- Menes eventually founded the Twenty-first Dynasty at Tanis.
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Ancient Egyptian Trade
- Just before the First Dynasty, Egypt had a colony in southern Canaan that produced Egyptian pottery for export to Egypt.
- In the Second Dynasty, Byblos provided quality timber that could not be found in Egypt.
- By the Fifth Dynasty, trade with Punt gave Egyptians gold, aromatic resins, ebony, ivory, and wild animals.
- Pharaoh Sahure, of the Fifth Dynasty, is known to have sent ships to Lebanon to import cedar, and to the Land of Punt for myrrh, malachite, and electrum.
- An ancient form of the Suez Canal is believed to have been started by Pharaoh Senusret II or III of the Twelfth Dynasty, in order to connect the Nile River with the Red Sea.
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The End of the Carolingians
- The Carolingian dynasty began with Charlemagne's grandfather Charles Martel, but began its official reign with Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short, displacing the Merovingian dynasty.
- The dynasty reached its peak with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first emperor in the west in over three centuries.
- He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign.
- Thus West Francia of the Carolingian dynasty became France.
- The Carolingian dynasty became extinct in the male line with the death of Eudes, Count of Vermandois.
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The Isaurian Dynasty
- The Isaurian dynasty is characterized by relative political stability, after an important defeat of the Arabs by Leo III, and Iconoclasm, which resulted in considerable internal turmoil.
- The Byzantine Empire was ruled by the Isaurian or Syrian dynasty from 717 to 802.
- The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands, while Byzantine strength was sapped by prolonged internal turmoil.
- A gold coin, or solidus, engraved with the emperors of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty, from c. 780 CE.
- Describe governmental and religious changes that occured during the Isaurian Dynasty