Examples of lingua franca in the following topics:
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- Old Bulgarian became the lingua franca of much of Eastern Europe and it came to be known as Old Church Slavonic.
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- Koine spread
throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua
franca of
Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek.
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- Across Europe, the increasing cultural self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto-nationalism, accelerated by the flowering of the European vernacular languages to the detriment of Latin's status as lingua franca.
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- Oyo's imperial success made Yoruba a lingua franca almost to the shores of the Volta.