Holy Roman Empire

Examples of Holy Roman Empire in the following topics:

• The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• The Structure of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The term Holy Roman Empire was not used until the 13th century and the office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective, although frequently controlled by dynasties.
  • The End of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire
  • At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire underwent significant changes.
  • This confederation, under French influence, put an end to the Holy Roman Empire.
  • Describe the structure of the Holy Roman Empire, focusing on its relation to the Habsburg dynasty and the lands under their rule

• Religious Divide in the Holy Roman Empire

  • The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648.
  • Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers.
  • The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely independent states.
  • Religion in the Holy Roman Empire on the eve of the Thirty Years' War.
  • Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, whose aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and suppress Protestantism, and whose actions helped precipitate the Thirty Years' War.

• Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire

  • In the aftermath of the Reformation, the Holy Roman Empire became fatally divided along religious lines and increasingly decentralized, which eventually led to its gradual demise.
  • The Holy Roman Empire was not a highly centralized state like most countries today.
  • The Empire's army was half Polish/Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces (German/Austrian), mostly infantry.
  • The Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
  • Describe what happened to the Holy Roman Empire in the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation

• The Peace of Westphalia

  • Over a four-year period, the warring parties of the Thirty Years' War (the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia.
  • The three treaties involved were the Peace of Münster (between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain), the Treaty of Münster (between the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies), and the Treaty of Osnabrück (between the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and their respective allies).
  • The peace negotiations involved a total of 109 delegations representing European powers, including Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Philip IV of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire and sovereigns of the free imperial cities.
  • The power taken by Ferdinand III in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the Imperial States.
  • Sweden received Western Pomerania, Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.

• Rise of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The formation of the Holy Roman Empire was initiated by Charlemagne's coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800, and consolidated by Otto I when he was crowned emperor in 962 by Pope John XII.
  • The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
  • After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, however, the Carolingian Empire broke apart, and was never restored.
  • Reigning from Rome, Otto sought to improve relations with the Byzantine Empire, which opposed his claim to emperorship and his realm's further expansion to the south.
  • Otto II succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor.

• The Hohenzollerns

  • The family supported the Hohenstaufen and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire during the 12th to 15th centuries, being rewarded with several territorial grants.
  • The Margraviate of Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806.
  • Prussia lay outside the Holy Roman Empire and the electors of Brandenburg held it as a fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to which the electors paid homage.
  • Prussia, unlike Brandenburg, lay outside the Holy Roman Empire, within which only the emperor and the ruler of Bohemia could call themselves king.
  • Explain who the Hohenzollerns were and the progression of their relationship with and status within the Holy Roman Empire.

• Administration of the Empire

  • The Holy Roman Empire was not a highly centralized state like most countries today.
  • The Imperial Diet (Reichstag) was the legislative body of the Holy Roman Empire and theoretically superior to the emperor himself.
  • In the Holy Roman Empire, the main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the King of the Romans.
  • The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Sicily.
  • This map shows the patchwork of relatively-autonomous principalities that made up the Holy Roman Empire.

• The Shift East

  • The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire.
  • Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.
  • Constantine built the new Church of the Holy Apostles on the site of a temple to Aphrodite.
  • The Byzantine Empire considered Constantine its founder and the Holy Roman Empire reckoned him among the venerable figures of its tradition.
  • Ten emperors, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, carried the name.

• The Eastern Roman Empire, Constantine the Great, and Byzantium

  • It is a matter of debate when the Roman Empire officially ended and transformed into the Byzantine Empire.
  • After Constantine, few emperors ruled the entire Roman Empire.
  • Usually, there was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire ruling from Italy or Gaul and an emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire ruling from Constantinople.
  • In 476 CE, the last Western Roman Emperor was deposed and the Western Roman Empire was no more.
  • Thus the Eastern Roman Empire was the only Roman Empire left standing.