Examples of Conciliar movement in the following topics:
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Discontent with the Roman Catholic Church
- Following the breakdown of monastic institutions and scholasticism in late medieval Europe, accentuated by the Avignon Papacy, the Papal Schism, and the failure of the Conciliar movement, the 16th century saw a great cultural debate about religious reforms and later fundamental religious values.
- These issues initiated wars between princes, uprisings among peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, which sparked many reform movement within the church.
- The major individualistic reform movements that revolted against medieval scholasticism and the institutions that underpinned it were humanism, devotionalism, and the observantine tradition.
- Humanism, however, was more of an educational reform movement with origins in the Renaissance's revival of classical learning and thought.
- The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent and spearheaded by the new order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), specifically organized to counter the Protestant movement.
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The Church During the Italian Renaissance
- While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance (1414), a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope.
- The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements, ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurations, new religious orders (such as the Jesuits), spiritual movements, and political reform.
- Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.
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Constitutionalist Movement in Portugal
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The Indian Independence Movement
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Ease of Movement
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The Sramana Movement
- Sramana was an ancient Indian religious movement that began as an offshoot of the Vedic religion and gave rise to other similar but varying movements, including Buddhism and Jainism.
- Several Sramana movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE.
- The varied Sramana movements arose in the same circles of ancient India that led to the development of Yogic practices, which include the Hindu philosophy of following a course of physical and mental discipline in order to attain liberation from the material world, and a union between the self and a supreme being or principle.
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Introduction to the Renaissance
- The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, and spread to the rest of Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries.
- It started as a cultural movement in Italy, specifically in Florence, in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.
- As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed the innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch, the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.
- The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.
- It was in Italy, specifically Northern Italy, where the Renaissance movement took shape.
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The Anabaptists
- Anabaptism is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation in Europe.
- Some consider this movement to be an offshoot of European Protestantism, while others see it as distinct.
- The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are direct descendants of the movement.
- These baptisms were the first "re-baptisms" known in the movement.
- Roman Catholics and Protestants alike persecuted the Anabaptists, resorting to torture and execution in attempts to curb the growth of the movement.
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Peronism
- The Argentinian political movement Peronism is based on three main principles: social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.
- Peronism, or Justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the political legacy of former President Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife, Eva Peron.
- She was involved in behind-the-scenes work to secure women’s suffrage in 1947 and she supported a women’s movement that concentrated on the rights of women, the poor, and the disabled.
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Art and Culture in 20th-Century Mexico
- The production of art in conjunction with government propaganda is known as the Mexican Modernist School, or the Mexican Muralist Movement.
- The muralist movement reached its height in the 1930s with four main protagonists: Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Jose Clemente Orozco, and Fernando Leal.