Tecumseh's War

Examples of Tecumseh's War in the following topics:

• Madison's American Indian Policy

  • These conflicts became known as Tecumseh's War.
  • In the latter stages, Tecumseh's group allied with the British forces in the War of 1812 and was instrumental in the conquest of Detroit.
  • However, Tecumseh's War continued into the War of 1812 and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle.
  • Tecumseh's War is viewed by some academic historians as being the final conflict of a longer-term military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region of North America; it encompassed a number of wars over several generations and was referred to as the "Sixty Years' War."
  • It is usually considered part of the War of 1812 because of its connection to Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest and because the Red Stick Creeks sought support from the British and later aided British advances toward New Orleans.

• Indian Resistance and Survival

  • Indian tribes fought over 40 wars for survival, killing at least 19,000 white settlers and soldiers and at least 30,000 American Indians.
  • East of the Mississippi River, an intertribal army led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, fought a number of engagements in the Northwest during the period 1811–12, known as Tecumseh's War.
  • In the latter stages, Tecumseh's group allied with the British forces in the War of 1812 and was instrumental in the conquest of Detroit.
  • Conflicts in the Southeast included the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian Removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes, beginning in the 1830s under President Andrew Jackson.
  • Indian Wars continued into the early 20th century.

• The Indian Response

  • In the Old Northwest, Tecumseh, chief of the Shawnees, organized the largest pan-Indian alliance to date.
  • Before the Creek Civil War, in February, 1813, Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnees, came to the Southeast to encourage the Creek to join his movement to throw the whites out of Native American territories.
  • After the Revolutionary War, Tecumseh had united tribes in the Northwest (Ohio and related territories) to fight against U.S. settlers.
  • Many of the Upper Creek were influenced by the prophecies of Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa, which echoed those of their own spiritual leaders.
  • Federal forces, however, were busy fighting the British and the Northern Woodland tribes, who were being led by Tecumseh.

• The Rise of the West

  • Tecumseh's group allied with the British forces in the War of 1812 and was instrumental in the conquest of Detroit.
  • Tecumseh's death in the War of 1812 dissolved the tribal coalition he led.
  • Throughout the 19th century, Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the United States in the Indian Wars.
  • This lithograph depicts the Battle of the Thames and the death of the Native American leader Tecumseh
  • Tecumseh led a Native American coalition that attempted to stop westward expansion of the United States.

• The War in the South

  • The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the "Red Stick War," began as a civil war within the Creek (Muscogee) nation.
  • Before the Creek Civil War, in February of 1813, Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnees, came to the Southeast to encourage the Creek to join his movement to throw the European-Americans out of American Indian territories.
  • After the Revolutionary War, Tecumseh had united tribes in the Northwest (including Ohio and related territories) to fight against U.S. settlers.
  • Many of the Upper Creek were influenced by the prophecies of Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa, which, echoing those of their own spiritual leaders, predicted the extermination of the European Americans.
  • In the months that followed, warriors of Tecumseh's party began to attack the property of their enemies, burning plantations and destroying livestock.

• The Confederacy's Defeat

  • William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies.
  • Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war.
  • The last battle of the American Civil War was the Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas on May 12 and 13.
  • President Andrew Johnson formally declared the end of the war on August 20, 1866.
  • Summarize the events at the end of the war leading to the Confederacy's defeat.

• The Battles: 1863–1865

  • More than 10,000 military engagements took place during the Civil War.
  • Missouri had, in total, the third-most battles of any state during the war.
  • Late in the war, the Union's Red River Campaign was a failure.
  • Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Major General William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies.
  • A color-coded map of the battles of the American Civil War.

• The Treaty of Ghent

  • The treaty released all prisoners and restored all war lands and boats.
  • The treaty made no major changes to the pre-war situation, and most land that had been taken during the war was returned.
  • After the disintegration of the American Indian confederacy under Tecumseh, the British proposal to create an American Indian buffer zone in Ohio and Michigan collapsed.
  • However, all of the factors that had contributed to the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of American Indian tribes.
  • The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain's North American colonies.

• The War in the North

  • In a narrow vote, Congress authorized the president to declare war against Britain in June 1812, beginning the War of 1812.
  • Throughout the war, the British secretary of state for war and the colonies was the Earl of Bathurst.
  • He moved rapidly to Amherstburg with reinforcements, and, along with Shawnee leader Tecumseh, immediately attacked Detroit.
  • Secretary of War William Eustis from office.
  • Tecumseh was counted among the dead, and American Indian resistance began to ebb as his confederacy disintegrated.

• The British Strategy

  • Britain, still engaged in the Napoleonic wars, struggled to formulate an effective strategy against the colonists in the war of 1812.
  • Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute, neither side was ready for war when it came.
  • Throughout the war, the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was the Earl of Bathurst.
  • By August, Hull and his troops, numbering 2,500 with the addition of 500 Canadians, retreated to Detroit, where they surrendered to a force of British regulars, Canadian militia, and Native Americans led by British Major General Isaac Brock and Shawnee leader Tecumseh.
  • After two years of warfare, the major causes of the war had disappeared.