Italian Social Republic

Examples of Italian Social Republic in the following topics:

• The Collapse of Nazi Germany

  • Germany responded by disarming Italian forces, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines.
  • German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon established a new client state in German occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic, causing an Italian civil war.
  • Around April 25, 1945, Mussolini's republic came to an end (Liberation Day).
  • The RSI Minister of Defense, Rodolfo Graziani, surrendered what was left of the RSI on May 2, when the German forces in Italy capitulated; this put a definitive end to the Italian Social Republic.
  • In 1943, Mussolini established a new client state in German occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic, causing an Italian civil war.

• Sicily and Italy

  • The Italian Campaign of World War II was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe.
  • It was a large scale amphibious and airborne operation, followed by six weeks of land combat that launched the Italian Campaign.
  • However, Mussolini was eventually freed and the Italian Social Republic was created (1943-1945).
  • Mussolini's Social Republic exercised nominal sovereignty in northern and central Italy, but was largely dependent on German troops to maintain control.
  • Besides them, over 150,000 Italian civilians died, as did 15,197 anti-Fascist partisans and 13,021 troops of the Italian Social Republic.

• Converging Military Fronts

  • In early September, the Allies invaded the Italian mainland.
  • Germany responded by disarming Italian forces, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines.
  • German special forces rescued Mussolini, who then soon established a new client state in German occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic.

• American Arrival in Europe

  • On August 11, seeing that the battle was lost, the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy.
  • The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on September 8 (although Mussolini's Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards).
  • The Italian Campaign ended on May 2, 1945 and US forces in mainland Italy suffered between 114,000 and over 119,000 casualties.

• The European Theater

  • The Baltic Republics were eventually occupied by the Soviet army in June 1940 and annexed to the Soviet Union in August 1940.
  • In October 1940, Mussolini started the Greco-Italian War driven by his jealousy of Hitler's success but within days was repulsed and pushed back into Albania (Italian protectorate since 1939).  
  • On September 3, 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland, following Italy's armistice with the Allies.
  • Germany responded by disarming Italian forces, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines.
  • German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon established a new client state in German occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic, causing an Italian civil war.

• Italy and Germany

  • Although the Italian Army was far better armed than the Fascist paramilitaries, the Italian government under King Victor Emmanuel III faced a political crisis.
  • Mussolini at 39 was young compared to other Italian and European leaders.
  • The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.
  • The Nazis continued social welfare policies initiated by the governments of the Weimar Republic and mobilized volunteers to assist those impoverished, "racially-worthy" Germans through the National Socialist People's Welfare organization. 
  • All social programs in Nazi Germany excluded German Jews.

• Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion

  • Most were Italians, as trade between Europe and the Middle East was controlled mainly by the Maritime Republics.
  • The close Italian links to the Levant raised great curiosity and commercial interest in countries that lay further east.
  • Maritime Republics of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi, Pisa, and the Republic of Ragusa developed their own empires on the Mediterranean shores.

• Women in the Republic

  • In the new Republic, women were legally, economically, and socially subordinated to men.
  • During the time of the new US Constitution and the development of the new Republic, women were widely considered inferior to men.
  • Republicanism assumed that a successful republic rested on the virtue of its citizens, and required intelligent and self-disciplined citizens to form the core of the new republic.
  • Thus, women had the essential role of instilling in their children values conducive to a healthy republic.
  • Despite any gains, however, women largely found themselves subordinated, legally and socially, to their husbands, disenfranchised and with only the role of mother open to them.

• Red Scare

  • A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), the Bolsheviks split from the party’s other socialist faction, the Mensheviks, in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
  • The Bolsheviks founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that would, in 1922, become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union.
  • Palmer’s home in Washington, D.C., was hit by an explosion that killed the bomber, an Italian-American radical from Philadelphia.
  • In 1919–20, several states enacted "criminal syndicalism" laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing social change, which included free speech limitations.
  • Regardless of ideological nuances, the Red Scare did not distinguish between communism, socialism, or social democracy and enable an overreach of government power while weakening civil liberties in the United States.

• Conclusion: European Empires in the New World

  • By the beginning of the 17th century, Spain’s rivals—England, France, and the Dutch Republic—had each established an Atlantic presence in the race for imperial power.
  • These letters were quickly circulated throughout Europe and translated into Italian, German, and Latin.
  • This woodcut is from the first Italian verse translation of the letter Columbus sent to the Spanish court after his first voyage, Lettera delle isole novamente trovata by Giuliano Dati.