racial profiling

Examples of racial profiling in the following topics:

• Legal Definition of Race

  • The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be.
  • Racial profiling refers to the use of an individual's race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest).
  • In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights.
  • Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement.
  • The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on the larger debate.

• Racism

  • Another type of racism is racial profiling.
  • Racial profiling involves the singling out of individuals based upon their race for differential treatment, usually harsher treatment.
  • Two examples of racial profiling in the United States are often discussed.
  • The disparate treatment of minorities by law enforcement officials is a common example of racial profiling.
  • Many critics of racial profiling claim that it is an unconstitutional practice because it amounts to questioning individuals on the basis of what crimes they might commit or could possibly commit, instead of what crimes they have actually committed.

• Race

  • Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups.
  • Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroups as both racially defined and morally inferior.
  • As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed.
  • Law enforcement officers often utilize race to profile suspects, a term commonly referred to as "racial profiling".
  • This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes.

• Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.

  • The law makes it a crime for individuals to fail to have documents confirming their legal status, and is believed by critics to encourage racial profiling.
  • Instead, these racial designations were a means to concentrate power, wealth, land, and privilege in the hands of the European Americans.
  • For example, the racial category of "white" or European American fails to reflect that members of this group hail from very different countries.
  • Similarly, the racial category of "black" does not distinguish people from the Caribbean from those who were brought to North America from various parts of Africa.
  • They, too, have been subjected to racial prejudice.

• Age and Race

  • There is evidence that black senior citizens are more likely to be abused - both physically and psychologically and suffer greater financial exploitation than do white senior citizens.Further, recent demographic profiles suggest that social aging varies across racial groups, and demonstrates that minority elders (especially Hispanic and African American identified) typically enter later life with less education, less financial resources, and less access to health care than their white counterparts.Finally, researchers have noted that minority groups' greater likelihood of facing patterns of structural disadvantage throughout the life course, such as racial discrimination, poverty, and fewer social, political, and economic resources on average, create significant racial variations in the stages or age-related trajectories of racial minorities and majorities that may be observed at all points of the life span, and contribute to disparities in health, income, self-perceived age, mortality, and morbidity.
  • As a result, sociologists often explore the timing (in both subjective and objective conceptualizations of age) of varied life events within and between racial groups while exploring ways that age-related disparities influence the structural realities and bio-social outcomes of people located within different racial groups.

• The Changing Definitions of Race

  • This early treatment merged racial and ethnic differences, combining skin-color with tribal and national identities.
  • Races were distinguished by skin color, facial type, cranial profile and size, and texture and color of hair.
  • Because racial differences continue to be important issues in social and political life, racial classifications continue.

• Social Construct or Biological Lineage?

  • Both schemes benefitted the third group, the racially pure whites.
  • Recent research within this tradition argues that self-described race is a very good indicator of an individual's genetic profile, at least in the United States.
  • Indeed, the first medication marketed for a specific racial group, BiDil was recently approved by the U.S.
  • However, distinctions between racial groups are declining due to intermarriage and have been for years.
  • Racial discrimination in employment and housing still occurs.

• Racism

  • Racism is the belief that different traits of racial groups are inherent and justify discrimination.
  • Racism is the belief that different inherent traits in racial groups justify discrimination.
  • It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature, which is often justified by recourse to racial stereotyping or pseudo-science.
  • Children develop an awareness of race and racial stereotypes quite young (between the ages of 5 and 11), and these racial stereotypes affect behavior.
  • One response to racial disparity in the U.S. has been affirmative action.

• Clustering similarities or distances profiles

  • Network>Roles & Positions>Structural>Profile can perform a variety of kinds of cluster analysis for assessing structural equivalence.
  • If you want to include the full profile of both in and out ties for directed data, you need to include the transpose.
  • If you are working with a raw adjacency matrix, similarity can be computed on the tie profile (probably using a match or Jaccard approach).
  • Profile similarity of geodesic distances of rows and columns of Knoke information network

• Ethnic Groups

  • This is due to the historical and ongoing significance of racial distinctions that categorize together what might otherwise have been viewed as ethnic groups.
  • While a sense of ethnic identity may coexist with racial identity (Chinese Americans among Asian or Irish American among European or White, for example), the long history of the United States as a settler, conqueror, and slave society, and the formal and informal inscription of racialized groupings into law and social stratification schemes has bestowed upon race a fundamental social identification role in the United States.
  • The many previously designated "Oriental" ethnic groups are now classified as the "Asian" racial group for the census.
  • All the aforementioned are categorized as part of the "White" racial group, as per U.S.
  • Explain why ethnic and racial categories tend to overlap in the U.S.