Examples of proportional representation in the following topics:
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- In countries that have a proportional representation voting system, as exists throughout Europe, or a preferential voting system, such as in Australia or Ireland, three or more parties are often elected to parliament in significant proportions, allowing more access to public office.
- Australia, Canada, Pakistan, India, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Norway are examples of countries with two strong main parties, along with smaller or "third" parties that have also obtained representation.
- Evaluate the party system, both in proportional representation voting systems and two-party systems
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- If the government includes an elected Congress or Parliament the parties may share power according to Proportional Representation or the First-past-the-post system.
- In Proportional Representation, each party wins a number of seats proportional to the number of votes it receives.
- Proportional Representation, on the other hand, does not have this tendency, and allows multiple major parties to arise.
- The multi-party system of proportional representation has allowed a small third party, The Pirate Party, to come to prominence in Sweden, something that would be very unlikely in the United States.
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- To join a traditional labor union, workers must either be given voluntary recognition from their employer or have a majority of workers in a bargaining unit vote for union representation.
- Although most industrialized countries have seen a drop in unionization rates, the drop in union density (the unionized proportion of the working population) has been more significant in the United States than elsewhere.
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- Even in democratic societies in which gender equality is legally mandated, gender discrimination occurs in politics, both in regards to presumptions about political allegiances that fall along gender lines, and disparate gender representation within representative democracies.
- The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was a single step in a broad and continuous effort by women to gain a greater proportion of social, civil, and moral rights for themselves; but was viewed by many as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle for women's equality.
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- One common error that results is selection bias—when the procedures used to select a sample result in over- or under-representation of some significant aspect of the population.
- This is when the population is divided into sub-populations called strata, and random samples are drawn from each of the strata, or elements are drawn for the sample on a proportional basis.
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- Their networks are made up of mostly white males from the same socio-economic status, which helps perpetuate their over-representation in the best jobs.
- Some have suggested that one of the factors contributing to the higher proportion of raises going to men is the simple fact that men tend to ask for raises more often than women, and are more aggressive when doing so.
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- The first of these shows what proportion of other nodes can be reached from each actor at one, two, and three steps (in our example, all others are reachable in three steps or less).
- The last table shows what proportions of others can reach ego at one, two, and three steps.
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- Democracies come in several forms, some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others.
- For example, many democracies limit representation.
- Although such measures may limit representation, they make lawmaking more efficient and help guard against dangers such as the tyranny of the majority.
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- The psychology of self is the study of either the cognitive or affective representation of one's identity.
- The psychology of the self is the study of the cognitive or affective representation of one's identity.