Population Exchange

(noun)

The transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time.

Related Terms

Examples of Population Exchange in the following topics:

  • Population Transfer

    • The migration of large numbers of Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan after Partition occurred in 1947 is a significant historical example of a population exchange.
    • Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time.
    • These exchanges have taken place several times in the 20th century, such as during the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan .
    • The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century.
    • There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers, as forced population transfers are now considered violations of international law.

  • Introduction: Multiple relations among actors

    • In face-to-face groups of persons, the actors may have emotional connections, exchange relations, kinship ties, and other connections all at the same time.
    • Organizations exchange personnel, money, information, and form groups and alliances.
    • Relations among nation-states are characterized by numerous forms of cultural, economic, and political exchange.
    • The characteristics and behavior of whole populations, as well, may depend on multiple dimensions of integration/cleavage.
    • Solidarity may be established by economic exchange, shared information, kinship, and other ties operating simultaneously.

  • Density

    • One might, for example, partition the Knoke data into "public" and "private" organizations, and examine the density of information exchange within and between types.
    • Since the Knoke data set contains two matrices, separate reports for each relation (KNOKI and KNOKM) are produced.The density of the information exchange relation matrix is .5444.
    • Or, it may indicate that the population we are studying is really composed of more than one sub-populations.
    • In the Knoke information exchange data set, it turns out that all actors are reachable by all others.

  • An example: Knoke's information exchange

    • Figure 7.1 shows the di-graph (directed graph) for the Knoke information exchange data:
    • With larger populations or more connections, however, graphs may not be much help.

  • Exchange

    • Social exchange theory applies this type of equation to social relationships.
    • Social exchange theory is a sociopsychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties.
    • Nevertheless, social exchange theory argues that forming relationships is advantageous because of exchange.
    • Notably, while social exchange theory may reference the literal exchange of goods, it can also mean the exchange of more intangible elements.
    • Several assumptions undergird social exchange theory.

  • Multiple relations

    • When we collect social network data about certain kinds of relations among actors we are, in a sense, sampling from a population of possible relations.
    • In a study concerned with economic dependency and growth, for example, I could collect data on the exchange of performances by musicians between nations -- but it is not really likely to be all that relevant.
    • In a sense, the commonality that is shared by the exchange of information may also be said to establish a tie between two nodes.
    • One needs to be cautious here, however, not to confuse the simple possession of a common attribute (e.g. gender) with the presence of a tie (e.g. the exchange of views between two persons on issues of gender).

  • History

    • It includes the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area.
    • For most people the exchange of goods occurred through social relationships.
    • Most exchange occurred within social groups.
    • Rather than a process of discovery, what separated them from earlier attempts was the devastating effects of massive plagues upon Native populations, which allowed them to conquer native lands that had fought off such assaults previously.
    • In 1513 the first stock exchange was founded in Antwerpen.

  • Krackhardt's Graph Theoretical Dimensions of Hierarchy

    • Embedding of actors in dyads, triads, neighborhoods, clusters, and groups are all ways in which the social structure of a population may display "texture. " All of these forms of embedding structures speak to the issue of the "horizontal differentiation" of the population -- separate, but not necessarily ranked or unequal groupings.
    • Hierarchies, in which individuals or sub-populations are not only differentiated, but also ranked, are extremely common in social life.
    • The degree of hierarchy in a population speaks to the issue of "vertical differentiation. "
    • Where a graph has multiple components -- multiple un-connected sub-populations -- the proportion not reachable can be high.
    • The ties in the information exchange network, though are very likely to be reciprocal (at least insofar as they can be, given the limitations of the density).

  • Economic Sociology

    • This is distinguishable from the field of socioeconomics, which focuses on the social impact of very specific economic changes, such as the closing of a factory, market manipulation, or new policies that impact the economy of a very specific locale or population.
    • Contemporary economic sociology emphasizes the social consequences of economic exchanges, the social meanings they involve, and the social interactions that they facilitate or obstruct.

  • The Future of Population and Urbanization