planned economy

Examples of planned economy in the following topics:

• Socialism

  • The means of production refers to the tools, technology, buildings, and other materials used to make the goods or services in an economy.
  • As a political movement, socialism includes a diverse array of political philosophies, ranging from reformism to revolutionary socialism, from a planned economy to market socialism.
  • In a planned economy, the means of production are publicly owned and the government is in charge of coordinating and distributing production.
  • By contrast, in market socialism, the means of production may be publicly or cooperatively owned, but they operate in a market economy.

• Socialism

  • In one example of socialism, the Soviet Union, state ownership was combined with central planning.
  • In the West, neoclassical liberal economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman said that socialist planned economies would fail because planners could not have the business information inherent to a market economy (cf. economic calculation problem), nor could managers in Soviet-style socialist economies match the motivation of profit.
  • The central planning board would distribute a "social dividend" to ensure reasonable income equality.
  • Socialists inspired by the Soviet model of economic development have advocated the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production.
  • States with socialist economies have largely moved away from centralised economic planning in the 21st century, placing a greater emphasis on markets, as in the case of the Chinese Socialist market economy and Vietnamese Socialist-oriented market economy.

• State-Centered Theories

  • The laissez-faire era of United States economic history, which occurred around the turn of the 20th century—when the government generally left the economy unregulated—reflects a belief in market-driven theories of inequality.
  • This era of loose regulation gave way to an era of tight regulation of the economy, including the introduction of "trust-busting" or anti-monopoly laws.
  • This latter period reflects a belief in state-centered theories of inequality, as the state sought to regulate the economy to reduce the exploitation of workers.
  • State-centered theories of inequality emphasize the role of governmental policy and economic planning in producing economic stratification.

• Informal Economy

  • This is in contrast to the formal economy; a formal economy includes economic activity that is legal according to national law.
  • All economies have informal elements.
  • Dealing drugs is an example of participation in the informal economy.
  • This video describes how the informal economy fails to provide some of the same social benefits as work in the formal economy.
  • Analyze the impact of the informal economy on formal economy, such as the black market or working "under the table"

• Informal economy

  • An informal economy is economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government and is contrasted with the formal economy as described above.
  • The informal economy is thus not included in a government's Gross National Product or GNP.
  • Although the informal economy is often associated with developing countries, all economic systems contain an informal economy in some proportion.
  • The terms "under the table" and "off the books" typically refer to this type of economy.
  • The term black market refers to a specific subset of the informal economy.

• Democratic Socialism

  • On one end, democratic socialism may combine a democratic national political system with a national economy based on socialist principles.
  • Rather than focus on central planning, democratic socialism advocates the immediate creation of decentralized economic democracy from the grassroots level—undertaken by and for the working class itself.

• The Economy

  • The United States is an example of a capitalist economy.
  • China and North Korea are examples of communist economies.
  • France is an example of a largely socialist economy.
  • Economies can be divided into formal economies and informal economies.
  • Economies are fundamentally social systems.

• Applied and Clinical Sociology

  • The strategies were based on sociological findings that fertility rates are lower in modern industrial or post-industrial economies, where people put off having children in order to pursue education and economic opportunities.
  • Sociologists can be found working in a wide range of fields, including organizational planning, development, and training; human resource management; industrial relations; marketing; public relations; organizational research; and international business .In all these instances, they apply sociological theories and methods toward understanding social relations and human behavior to further the goals of the organization they are working under, whether this is a business, a governmental agency, or a non-profit organization.
  • Some additional direct applications of sociology include concept and product testing (which will put to good use training in research methods), the evaluating of global market opportunities (which will draw upon understandings of various cultures), long-range planning and forecasting (which draws on both statistics and futurist perspectives), marketing and advertising (which applies consumer studies directly), and human resource management (which relies on studies of organizational behavior).
  • They are directly involved in case management and care planning .

• Urbanization

  • People move into cities to seek economic opportunities.A major contributing factor is known as "rural flight".In rural areas, often on small family farms, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic sustenance.Farm living is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence, survival becomes extremely problematic.In modern times, industrialization of agriculture has negatively affected the economy of small and middle-sized farms and strongly reduced the size of the rural labour market.Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money, services and wealth are centralized.Cities are where fortunes are made and where social mobility is possible.Businesses, which generate jobs and capital, are usually located in urban areas.Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the cities that foreign money flows into a country.Thus, as with immigration generally, there are factors that push people out of rural areas and pull them into urban areas.
  • Different forms of urbanization can be classified depending on the style of architecture and planning methods as well as historic growth of areas.In cities of the developed world urbanization traditionally exhibited a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area.Recent developments, such as inner-city redevelopment schemes, mean that new arrivals in cities no longer necessarily settle in the centre.In some developed regions, the reverse effect, originally called counter urbanisation has occurred, with cities losing population to rural areas, and is particularly common for richer families.This has been possible because of improved communications and means of transportation, and has been caused by factors such as the fear of crime and poor urban environments.Later termed "white flight", the effect is not restricted to cities with a high ethnic minority population.When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization.Some research suggests that suburbanization has gone so far to form new points of concentration outside the downtown both in developed and developing countries such as India.
  • Urbanization can be planned or organic.Planned urbanization, (e.g., planned communities), is based on an advanced plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons.Organic urbanization is not organized and happens haphazardly.Landscape planners are responsible for landscape infrastructure (e.g., public parks, sustainable urban drainage systems, greenways, etc.) which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterward to revitalize an area and create greater livability within a region.Planned urbanization and development is the aim of the American Institute of Planners.

• Politics

  • The theory posits that a small minority—consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks—holds the most power.
  • Through positions in corporations, corporate boards, and policy-planning networks, members of the "elite" are able to exert significant power over the policy decisions of corporations and governments.
  • The power structure approach focuses on determining who rules, while the structuralist approach emphasizes the way a capitalist economy operates, allowing and encouraging the state to do some things but not others.