Pareto Distribution

Examples of Pareto Distribution in the following topics:

• Distribution of Wealth and Income

  • It differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the distribution of asset ownership in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society.
  • There are many ways in which the distribution of wealth can be analyzed.
  • A Pareto distribution is a statistical measure that is often used to model the distribution of wealth, though other mathematical models are also used.
  • As with general wealth distribution, land is also distributed unequally.
  • Various forms of socialism, an economic system in which the state exerts significant control over wealth distribution, attempt to diminish the unequal distribution of wealth and the conflicts that arise from it.

• Conflict Theory

  • Coser and Randall Collins, and in Germany by Ralf Dahrendorf, all of whom were influenced by Karl Marx, Ludwig Gumplovicz, Vilfredo Pareto, Georg Simmel, and other founders of European sociology

• Natural Cycles

  • The first social cycle theory in sociology was created by Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) in his Trattato di Sociologia Generale (1916).

• Early Thinkers and Comte

  • Many classical theorists of sociology (including Karl Marx, Ferdinand Toennies, Emile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto, and Max Weber) were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics.

• Income Distribution

  • While most social scientists see multiple tiers of income distribution within the bottom 99% of earners, the top 1% does hold a disproportionately high percentage of assets.
  • Unequal distribution of income between genders, races, and the population, in general, in the United States has been the frequent subject of study by scholars and institutions.
  • This graph illustrates the unequal distribution of income between groups with different levels of educational attainment.
  • Education is an indicator of class position, meaning that unequal distribution of income by education points to inequality between the classes.
  • Explain the development of income distribution in the US since the 1970's and what is meant by the "Great Divergence"

• History

  • Thomas, Ferdinand Toennies, Emile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto, Virginia Woolf, George Herbert Mead, and Max Weber.

• Introduction to describing one network

  • Most social scientists have learned their statistics with applications to the study of the distribution of the scores of actors (cases) on variables, and the relations between these distributions.
  • We learn about the Pearson zero-order product moment correlation coefficient for indexing linear association between the distribution of actor's incomes and actor's educational attainment.
  • The application of statistics to social networks is also about describing distributions and relations among distributions.
  • But, rather than describing distributions of attributes of actors (or "variables"), we are concerned with describing the distributions of relations among actors.
  • Second, many of tools of standard inferential statistics that we learned from the study of the distributions of attributes do not apply directly to network data.

• Introduction

  • It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging.

• State-Centered Theories

  • According to state-centered theories of inequality, the government should regulate the distribution of resources to protect workers.
  • State-centered theories assert that intentional state policies must be aimed at equitably distributing resources and opportunities.
  • Communism operates on the principle that resources should be completely equally distributed, on the basis that every person has a natural right to food, shelter, and generally an equal share of a society's wealth.
  • Distribution of output would be based on the principle of individual contribution.
  • Accordingly, these theories propose that states should enact policies to prevent exploitation and promote the equal distribution of goods and wages.

• Path distances

  • Given a measure of nearness or farness for each actor, we can again calculate a measure of inequality in the distribution of distances across the actors, and express "graph centralization" relative to that of the idealized "star" network.
  • Summary statistics on the distribution of the nearness and farness measures are also calculated.
  • We see that the distribution of out-closeness has less variability than in-closeness, for example.
  • This is also reflected in the graph in-centralization (71.5%) and out-centralization (54.1%) measures; that is, in-distances are more un-equally distributed than are out-distances.