international relations

Examples of international relations in the following topics:

• Peace

  • Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all.
  • In international relations, peacetime is not only the absence of war or conflict, but also the presence of cultural and economic understanding.
  • Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes should be peacefully resolved.

• World Health Trends

  • Historically, global health studies rose to prominence in the 1940s, after World War II reconfigured geopolitical alignments and international relations.
  • While the WHO is the key international agency for monitoring and promoting global health, many other groups also participate.
  • At the global level, the three primary poverty-related diseases are AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.
  • As the above discussion of diseases of poverty and diseases of affluence reveals, health trends are closely related to social, political, and economic patterns.
  • Finally, health interventions could advance by considering the relationship of national and international politics to the establishment of adequate education and healthcare systems.

• Applied and Clinical Sociology

  • To address this problem, governments and international organizations, such as the UN, worked with sociologists and demographers (sociologists who study population) to devise strategies to reduce population growth.
  • Sociologists can be found working in a wide range of fields, including organizational planning, development, and training; human resource management; industrial relations; marketing; public relations; organizational research; and international business .In all these instances, they apply sociological theories and methods toward understanding social relations and human behavior to further the goals of the organization they are working under, whether this is a business, a governmental agency, or a non-profit organization.
  • Outside of the corporate world, sociology is often applied in governmental and international agencies such as the World Bank or United Nations.

• The Psychological Perspective

  • One crucial psychological finding is that members of stereotyped groups internalize those stereotypes and may suffer as a result.
  • One of the most important social psychological findings concerning race relations is that members of stereotyped groups internalize those stereotypes and thus suffer a wide range of harmful consequences.
  • The opposite of Stereotype Threat is known as Stereotype Enhancement, which entails an individual's potential to confirm a positive stereotype about their social group, and a subsequent increase in performance ability in the related task as compared to their ability prior to their exposure to the stereotype.

• Continuity Theory

  • The theory considers the internal structures and external structures of continuity to describe how people adapt to their circumstances and set their goals.
  • The internal structure of an individual - for instance, an individual's personality traits - remains relatively constant throughout a person's lifetime.
  • Other internal aspects such as beliefs can remain relatively constant as well, though are also subject to change.
  • This internal structure facilitates future decision-making by providing the individual with a strong internal foundation of the past.
  • Maddox provided an empirical description of the continuity theory in 1968 in a chapter of the book Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology called "Persistence of Lifestyle among the Elderly: A Longitudinal Study of Patterns of Social Activity in Relation to Life Satisfaction. " In 1971, Atchley formally proposed the theory in his article "Retirement and Leisure Participation: Continuity or Crisis?

• Social Control Theory

  • Social control theory describes internal means of social control.
  • Ultimately, social control theory is Hobbesian; it presupposes that all choices are constrained by social relations and contracts between parties.
  • An internal understanding of means of control became articulated in sociological theory in the mid-twentieth century.
  • Discipline, however, is a power relation in which the subject is complicit.
  • Simply by living within a particular cultural context, one learns and internalizes the norms of society .

• Marx's View of Class Differentiation

  • In the Marxist perspective, social stratification is created by unequal property relations, or unequal access to the means of production.
  • These relations of production—employer-employee relations, the technical division of labor, and property relations—form the base of society or, in Marxist terms, the substructure.
  • Eventually, however, Marx believed the capitalist economic order would erode, through its own internal conflict; this would lead to revolutionary consciousness and the development of egalitarian communist society.

• Genocide

  • ""Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable.
  • Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen. "
  • Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection. "
  • The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts"
  • Helen Fein showed that pre-existing anti-Semitism and systems that maintained anti-Semitic policies was related to the number of Jews killed in different European countries during the Holocaust.

• Gender

  • Gender-related intersections and the crossing of defined gender boundaries are generally unaccounted for in socially constructed notions of gender.
  • Gender, and especially the role of women, is generally regarded as critical to international development.
  • The Gender-related Development Index (GDI), developed by the United Nations (UN), aims to illuminate the inequalities between men and women in the following areas: health and length of life, knowledge, and standard of living.

• Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life

  • Nels Anderson's 1923 study of "The Hobo" sought to explain the internal structure of hobo communities in Chicago.
  • Urban theorists suggested that these spatially-defined regions helped to solidify and isolate class relations within the modern city, moving the middle class away from the urban core and into the privatized environment of the outer suburbs.
  • Subcultural theories popularized the idea that segments of society, such as gangs and homeless populations, had internal systems of value and order.
  • Relating this to functionalist theory, one can look at immigration and emigration trends.
  • Immigrants become emigrants and vice-versa; in this way, the chain of life continues in terms of societal relations.