informal employment

Examples of informal employment in the following topics:

• Informal Economy

  • Drug dealing, babysitting, unpaid housework, and unreported self-employment are all examples of work in the informal economy.
  • All economies have informal elements.
  • It was used to describe a type of employment that was viewed as falling outside of the modern industrial sector.
  • For example, with the adoption of more technologically intensive forms of production, many workers have been forced out of formal sector work and into informal employment.
  • The informal economy accounts for about 15 percent of employment in developed countries such as the United States.

• The Feminization of Poverty

  • Examples of types of informal employment that are dominated by women include childcare, eldercare, housecleaning, and sex work, among many others.
  • Employment can be divided into informal and formal occupations.
  • Formal employment is government regulated, and workers are insured a wage and certain rights.
  • Informal employment takes place in small, unregistered enterprises.
  • A large proportion of women are employed in informal workplaces, reducing the regulation of their employment.

• Postponing Job Hunting

  • Job hunting is the act of looking for employment, due to unemployment or discontent with a current position.
  • The job hunter typically first looks for job vacancies or employment opportunities.
  • Many job seekers research the employers to which they are applying, and some employers see evidence of this as a positive sign of enthusiasm for the position or the company, or as a mark of thoroughness.
  • Job recruiters and decision makers are increasingly using online social networking sites to gather information about job applicants, according to a mid-2011 Jobvite survey of 800 employers in the U.S.
  • Job seekers need to begin to pay more attention to what employers and recruiters find when they do their pre-interview information gathering about applicants, according to this 2010 study by Microsoft, "Online Reputation in a Connected World."

• Gender

  • Women are more likely than men to live in poverty or to work in often exploitative informal economies, such as child and eldercare or sex work.
  • Women workers are often used as a source of cheap labor in informal economies, or employment domains that are not regulated by governments and law enforcement.
  • This phenomenon is referred to as the gender gap in employment.
  • Many employers choose men over women because women are "at risk" of having a child, even though they may not want to have children.
  • Describe the effects of gender discrimination on women's employment and wealth

• The Credentialized Society

  • Besides attesting to one's abilities, credentials may also grant the holder access to restricted areas, information, or activities.
  • Besides attesting to one's abilities, credentials may also grant the holder access to restricted areas, information, or activities.
  • For example, an employer may require a diploma, professional license, or academic degree.
  • In some cases, employers may require formal credentials, such as an advanced academic degree, for a job that can be done perfectly well by applying skills acquired through experience or informal study.
  • Rather than measure or evaluate those skills directly, employers assume that anyone able to earn a credential must possess those skills.

• Power

  • Typically, the employer (or boss) has more power.
  • People use more than rewards, threats and information to influence others.
  • Labor unions attempt to bring more balance into the relationship between employers and employees by forming large coalitions of employees who, by working together, can exert power of their own.

• A Research Example

  • Devah Pager and Lincoln Quillian compared employers' responses on questions involving race-related hiring practices to their actual hiring practices by sending matched pairs of young men to apply for jobs, either both of European descent or both of African descent, but one of the men had a criminal record.
  • Pager and Quillian found that employers claimed they would be much more willing to hire an ex-offender than they were.
  • Additionally, while the survey results showed no difference in hiring preferences between African-Americans and European-Americans, employers were more than three times as likely to call job applicants with a European lineage back in comparison to Americans with an African lineage.
  • In short, Pager and Quillian found that employers, in their survey responses, were more open to the idea of hiring both African-Americans and ex-offenders than they were to the actual practice.

• Health Care in the U.S.

  • Most Americans under age 65 (59.3%) receive their health insurance coverage through an employer (which includes both private, as well as civilian public-sector employers) under group coverage, although this percentage is declining.
  • Most Americans under age 65 (59.3%) receive their health insurance coverage through an employer (which includes both private as well as civilian public-sector employers) under group coverage, although this percentage is declining.
  • Most Americans under age 65 (59.3%) receive their health insurance coverage through an employer (which includes both private, as well as civilian public-sector employers) under group coverage, although this percentage is declining.
  • Around 84.7% of Americans have some form of health insurance; either through their employer or the employer of their spouse or parent (59.3%), purchased individually (8.9%), or provided by government programs (27.8%; there is some overlap in these figures).
  • Some Americans who do not qualify for government-provided health insurance are not provided health insurance by an employer, and are unable to afford, cannot qualify for, or choose not to purchase private health insurance.

• Introduction: Manipulating network data structures

  • A "data structure" is simply the way in which information is recorded.
  • If we "stacked" the two tables together, we would have a 4 by 4 by 2 "data structure. " Counts of the rows, columns, and matrices (or "slices") do not include the labeling or indexing information (i.e. it's not 5 x 5 x 3).
  • The information in each cell provides information about the relation between a particular pair of actors.
  • The "rectangular" data structure can also be used to record information about the relationships between two types of nodes (called bi-partite data).
  • Entries in the cells indicate the presence or strength of the relation between an actor and an employer.

• Women in Medicine

  • Historically and in many parts of the world, women's participation in medicine (as physicians, for instance) has been significantly restricted, although women's informal practice of medicine in the role of caregivers and in the allied health professions has been widespread.
  • Most countries of the world now guarantee equal access by women to medical education, although not all ensure equal employment opportunities.