informal discrimination

Examples of informal discrimination in the following topics:

• Homophobia

  • Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior like discrimination and violence.
  • Homophobia, or the fear of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals, is often the impetus for discrimination, which can be expressed through either institutional or informal means.
  • Institutional discrimination involves the state apparatus.
  • Many instances of homophobia and discrimination occur by informal means.
  • Describe the phenomenon of homophobia (both institutional and informal) and the implications it has for LGBTQ individuals in modern-day America

• Gender Inequality in Health Care

  • Gender discrimination in health care manifests itself primarily as the difference that men and women pay for their insurance premium.
  • Gender discrimination in health care manifests primarily as the amount of money one pays for insurance premiums—the amount paid per month in order to be covered by insurance.
  • Fewer than ten state governments prohibit gender discrimination in insurance premiums.
  • Gender discrimination in health care could be changing in the United States.
  • Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (informally called "Obamacare"), passed under President Barack Obama in 2010, insurance companies would be prohibited from charging men and women differently.

• Social Control

  • In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • In any case, the social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control.
  • Social control may be enforced using informal sanctions, which may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval.
  • In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.

• Discrimination Against Individuals

  • Controversial attempts have been made to redress negative effects of discrimination.
  • Unfair discrimination usually follows the gender stereotypes held by a society.
  • Reverse discrimination is a term referring to discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, including the city or state, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.
  • Reverse discrimination may also be used to highlight the discrimination inherent in affirmative action programs.
  • Give an example of discrimination and reverse discrimination using examples of religious, gender, or racial prejudice

• Institutional Prejudice or Discrimination

  • Institutionalized discrimination refers to discrimination embedded in the procedures, policies or objectives of large organizations.
  • Institutionalized discrimination within the housing market also includes practices like redlining and mortgage discrimination.
  • Institutionalized discrimination within the housing market also includes practices like redlining and mortgage discrimination.
  • The achievement gap in education is another example of institutionalized discrimination.
  • Examine the legal cases that had an impact on institutional discrimination

• Gender

  • Women are more likely than men to live in poverty or to work in often exploitative informal economies, such as child and eldercare or sex work.
  • Women workers are often used as a source of cheap labor in informal economies, or employment domains that are not regulated by governments and law enforcement.
  • Sexism is discrimination against people based on their sex or gender, and can result in lower social status for women.
  • Sexism has been linked to widespread gender discrimination.
  • Describe the effects of gender discrimination on women's employment and wealth

• Sanctions

  • Sanctions can either be positive (rewards) or negative (punishment), and can arise from either formal or informal control .
  • The social values present in individuals are products of informal social control.
  • With informal sanctions, ridicule or ostracism can cause a straying individual to realign behavior toward group norms.
  • In extreme cases, sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior, otherwise known as deviance.

• Bureaucratization of Schools

  • The bureaucratization of schools has some advantages but has also led to the perpetuation of discrimination and an aversion to change.
  • These groups are more likely to experience institutional discrimination in the bureaucratized school system.
  • Micro-level aggression can be subtler than outright discrimination like racial slurs.
  • The assumption that there is "one best system" for educating children has been especially problematic within the context of a pluralistic American society, a globalized world, and advances in information technology.
  • Now, in the information age, this kind of rigid training and adherence to protocol can actually decrease both productivity and efficiency.

• Informal Means of Control

  • As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior.
  • The social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control.
  • In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.
  • As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior.
  • In a criminal gang, a stronger sanction applies in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.

• Racism

  • the actual treating of individuals differently based on their racial classification (discrimination)
  • The United Nations uses a definition of racist discrimination laid out in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and adopted in 1965:
  • Individual-level racism is prejudice, bias, or discrimination displayed in an interaction between two or more people.
  • While most Americans may believe the "one-drop rule" is no longer relevant in society today, recent research suggests that it persists in racial classifications, even if they are informal.
  • An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination.