Examples of Hydraulic civilization in the following topics:
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- ., Aztec civilization, Inca civilization).
- Wittfogel argued that most of the earliest states were formed in hydraulic civilizations, by which he meant civilizations where leaders controlled people by controlling the water supply.
- Often, these civilizations relied on complex irrigation systems that had to be centrally managed.
- Modern archaeological and anthropological evidence shows that many early societies were not as centralized, despotic, or unequal as the hydraulic theory would suggest.
- In hydraulic civilizations, control over water concentrated power in central despotic states.
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- Putnam has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy.
- Others, however, have questioned how democratic civil society actually is.
- It has also been argued that civil society is biased towards the global north.
- Partha Chatterjee has argued that, in most of the world, "civil society is demographically limited. " For Jai Sen, civil society is a neo-colonial project driven by global elites in their own interests.
- Formulate an argument which advocates for a strong civil society based on the definitions of civil society in this text
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- The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions.
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- However, the precursors to this analysis include Polybius, a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period, Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim historiographer and historian, who saw the rise and fall of Asabiyyah (the sense of community among humans) as the reason behind the emergence and decline of civilizations, and, finally, Giambattista Vico, an Italian philosopher, who argued that civilizations occur in recurring cycles consisting of three ages: the divine, the heroic and the human.
- In Rossiia i Europa (1869), he differentiated between various smaller civilizations (Egyptian, Chinese, Persian, Greek, Roman, German, and Slav, among others) and asserted that each civilization has a life cycle.
- To illustrate this claim, he pointed out that by the end of the 19th century the Roman-German civilization was in decline, while the Slav civilization was approaching its Golden Age .
- A similar theory was put forward by Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) who in his Der Untergang des Abendlandes (1918) predicted that the Western civilization was about to collapse.
- He interpreted the contemporary West as a sensate civilization dedicated to technological progress and prophesied its fall into decadence and the emergence of a new ideational or idealistic era.
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- As an official practice, institutionalized racial segregation ended in large part due to the work of civil rights activists (Clarence M.
- Mitchell, Jr., Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., among others) primarily during the period from the end of World War II through the passage of the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as supported by President Lyndon B.
- Their efforts focused on acts of non-violent civil disobedience aimed at disrupting the enforcement of racial segregation rules and laws.
- The civil rights movement gained the public's support, and formal racial discrimination and segregation became illegal in schools, businesses, the military, and other civil and government services.
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- A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties, and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.
- In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a court.
- A plaintiff is the term used in some jurisdictions for the party who initiates a civil lawsuit before a court.
- A defendant is any party required to answer a plaintiff's complaint in a civil lawsuit, or any party that has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute.
- A legal remedy is the means with which a court of law (usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction) enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes some other court order to impose its will.
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- Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.
- In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into academia.
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- In classical thought, the state was identified with political society and civil society as a form of political community.
- In contrast, modern thought distinguishes the nation state as a political society from civil society as a form of economic society.
- Civil society is the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests.
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- This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world; in short, it equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non-civilization.
- According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more "civilized" than others, and some people are therefore more "cultured" than others.
- When people talk about culture in the sense of civilization or refinement, they are really talking about "high culture," which is different from the sociological concept of culture.
- Although more inclusive, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between so-called "civilized" and "primitive" cultures.
- Early colonial definitions of culture equated culture and civilization and characterized aboriginal people as uncivilized and uncultured.