hierarchy

Examples of hierarchy in the following topics:

• Krackhardt's Graph Theoretical Dimensions of Hierarchy

  • The degree of hierarchy in a population speaks to the issue of "vertical differentiation. "
  • While we all have an intuitive sense of what it means for a structure to be a hierarchy.
  • Krackhardt defines a pure, "ideal typical" hierarchy as an "out-tree" graph.
  • The simplest "hierarchy" is a directed line graph A to B to C to D...
  • Hierarchy: To be a pure out-tree, there can be no reciprocated ties.

• Social Status

  • Social status refers to one's standing in the community and his position in the social hierarchy.
  • Alternatively, one can inherit his or her position on the social hierarchy; this is known as ascribed status.
  • In capitalist countries, this hierarchy is largely socioeconomic, in that high-income individuals are ranked at the top of the social hierarchy with low-income individuals at the bottom.
  • When considered in light of the larger social hierarchy, this worker will probably fall somewhere toward the mid-bottom of the hierarchy because of his socioeconomic status.
  • When he's at his place of work, he is high on the ladder of social hierarchy.

• Consequences of Social Class

  • One's position in the the social class hierarchy has far-reaching effects on their health, family life, education, etc.
  • Social class refers to the the grouping of individuals in a stratified hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network (though other factors are sometimes considered).
  • One's position in the social class hierarchy may impact, for example, health, family life, education, religious affiliation, political participation, and experience with the criminal justice system.
  • Socioeconomic status refers to a person's position in the social hierarchy and is determined by their income, wealth, occupational prestige, and educational attainment.
  • Sociologists may dispute exactly how to model the distinctions between socioeconomic statuses, but the higher up the class hierarchy one is in America, the better health, educational, and professional outcomes one is likely to have.

• Global Stratification and Inequality

  • Stratification results in inequality when resources, opportunities, and privileges are distributed based on position in social hierarchy.
  • Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and groups based on their position in the social hierarchy.
  • Inequality occurs when a person's position in the social hierarchy is tied to different access to resources, and it largely depends on differences in wealth .
  • Lastly, world systems theory suggests that all countries are divided into a three-tier hierarchy based on their relationship to the global economy, and that a country's position in this hierarchy determines its own economic development.
  • Because of this hierarchy, individuals living in core countries generally have higher standards of living than those in semiperipheral or peripheral countries.

• Freeman's approach to binary relations

  • One way of identifying hierarchy in a set of relations is to locate the "subordinates."
  • If we then remove these actors from the graph, some of the remaining actors won't be between any more -- so they are one step up in the hierarchy.
  • We can continue doing this "hierarchical reduction" until we've exhausted the graph; what we're left with is a map of the levels of the hierarchy.
  • In these data, it turns out that a three-level hierarchy can be identified.
  • The first two nodes, for example, are at the lowest level (1) of the hierarchy, while the third node is at the third level.

• The Lower Class

  • The lower class consists of those at the bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy who have low education, low income, and low status jobs.
  • The lower class in the United States refers to individuals who are at, or near, the lower end of the socioeconomic hierarchy.

• Race Relations in Mexico: The Color Hierarchy

  • Along this axis, a color hierarchy emerged that persists in importance today.
  • In this hierarchy, those who are viewed as being more European, or "white," are generally endowed with higher social status.
  • The color hierarchy is utilized for more than simply classifying people based on their phenotypical traits, or physical appearance.
  • The racial hierarchy is complicated by the presence of considerable numbers of people with partly African and Asian heritage.
  • Nonetheless, these groups are often categorized on the color hierarchy somewhere between indigenous and European.

• Growing Global Inequality

  • Countries with large populations that were once at the bottom of the economic hierarchy, such as India and China, have rapidly expanding middle classes and growing national economies.
  • The Waltons are able to use their wealth to further increase their earnings and protect their position at the top of the economic hierarchy.
  • At the bottom of the hierarchy, a group of countries including India, Indonesia, and China has 42% of the world's population but receives only 9% of income (adjusted for international purchasing power).
  • Because individuals and institutions at the top of the economic hierarchy benefit from their status, they use their influence to protect their positions.
  • A related explanation for the persistence of inequality is the idea that culture teaches acceptance of the extant economic hierarchy.

• Social Class

  • Social class is a measure of where a particular person falls on the social hierarchy.
  • A social hierarchy refers to the arrangement of people in society, with some people having more power and others having less.
  • Social hierarchies, also referred to as social stratification, largely refers to socioeconomics, or the amount of material and social capital that an individual possesses.
  • The study of social class and hierarchies fundamentally asks questions about inequality.
  • Summarize the concept of social hierarchy as related to the development of social class

• Weber's View of Stratification

  • According to Weberian theory, a member of the United States Congress is an example of someone who is high in the social hierarchy due to status and power, although they have relatively low economic status.
  • Weber introduced three independent factors that form his theory of stratification hierarchy: class, status, and power.
  • Congress are at the top of the social hierarchy because they have high power and status, despite having relatively little wealth on average.