feminization of poverty

Examples of feminization of poverty in the following topics:

• The Feminization of Poverty

  • The feminization of poverty refers to the fact that women represent a disproportionate share of the world's poor.
  • Recent attempts to reduce global poverty have utilized systems of microcredit, which give small loans to poor households in an attempt to break the cycle of poverty.
  • The feminization of poverty describes a phenomenon in which women represent a disproportionate percentage of the world's poor.
  • Women's increasing share of poverty is related to the rising incidence of lone mother households.
  • Increasing health services to women could, therefore, mitigate the feminization of poverty.

• The Feminist Perspective

  • In 2008, 10% of births were to teenage girls, and 14% were to women ages 35 and older.
  • Feminism is a broad term that is the result of several historical social movements attempting to gain equal economic, political, and social rights for women.
  • First-wave feminism focused mainly on legal equality, such as voting, education, employment, marriage laws, and the plight of intelligent, white, middle-class women.
  • Although there was great improvements with perceptions and representations of women that extended globally, the movement was not unified and several different forms of feminism began to emerge: black feminism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism, and social feminism.
  • In the United States, 82.5 million women are mothers of all ages, while the national average age of first child births is 25.1 years.

• Gender and Social Movements

  • Second-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity beginning in the early 1960s and through the late 1980s.
  • Second Wave Feminism has existed continuously since then, and continues to coexist with what some people call Third Wave Feminism.
  • Finally, the third-wave of feminism began in the early 1990s.
  • Third-wave feminism seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave's "essentialist " definitions of femininity , which (according to them) over-emphasized the experiences of upper middle class white women.
  • There is and must be a diversity of feminisms, responsive to the different needs and concerns of women, and defined by them for themselves.

• Measuring Poverty

  • Economic measures of poverty focus on material needs, typically including the necessities of daily living such as food, clothing, shelter, or safe drinking water.
  • Poverty in this sense may be understood as a condition in which a person or community is lacking in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-being, particularly as a result of a persistent lack of income.
  • Social measures of poverty may include lack of access to information, education, health care, or political power.
  • The World Bank uses this definition of poverty to label extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 or $5 a day.
  • Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income.

• The Feminist Perspective

  • At the turn of the century, the first wave of feminism focused on official, political inequalities and fought for women's suffrage.
  • In the 1960s, second wave feminism, also known as the women's liberation movement, turned its attention to a broader range of inequalities, including those in the workplace, the family, and reproductive rights.
  • Currently, a third wave of feminism is criticizing the fact that the first two waves of feminism were dominated by white women from advanced capitalist societies.
  • The relationship between feminism and race was largely overlooked until the second wave of feminists produced literature on the topic of black feminism.
  • Identify the main tenets of the feminist perspective and its research focus, distinguishing the three waves of feminist theory

• The Dynamics of Poverty

  • Poverty operates in a dynamic cycle, with the effects of poverty increasing the likelihood that it will be transferred between generations.
  • This perpetuation of deprivation is the cycle of poverty.
  • The basic premise of the poverty cycle the idea that poverty is a dynamic process—its effects may also be its causes.
  • In this way, inadequate or lack of education can perpetuate poverty.
  • Finally, poverty increases the risk of homelessness.

• Poverty

  • Poverty is the condition of not having access to material resources, income, or wealth.
  • Poverty describes the state of not having access to material resources, wealth, or income.
  • Poverty may correspond not only to lack of resources, but to the lack of opportunity to improve one's standard of living and acquire resources.
  • If there is a high level of social mobility, it is relatively easy for people to leave poverty.
  • While some factors that contribute to poverty are the result of individual choices, such as dropping out of school or committing a crime, other factors affect poverty that are beyond individual control.

• Poverty

  • Poverty is the condition of not having access to material resources, income, or wealth.
  • Near poverty is when one earns up to 25% above the poverty line; put otherwise, a person near poverty has an income below 125% of the current poverty line.
  • Absolute poverty is the level of poverty where individuals and families cannot meet food, shelter, warmth, and safety needs, while relative poverty refers to economic disadvantage compared to wealthier members of society.
  • Poverty may correspond not only to lack of resources, but to lack of opportunity to improve one's standard of living and acquire resources.
  • Countries with low HDI tend to be caught in a national cycle of poverty -- they have little wealth to invest, but the lack of investment perpetuates their poverty.

• The Feminist Perspective

  • Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical discourse.
  • While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women's interests .
  • Radical feminism, in particular, evaluates the role of the patriarchy in perpetuating male dominance.
  • Feminism focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on the assertion of male supremacy.
  • Therefore, various forms of oppression, such as racism or sexism, do not act independently of one another; instead these forms of oppression are interrelated, forming a system of oppression that reflects the "intersection" of multiple forms of discrimination.

• Feminist Theory

  • Following the establishment of women's academic conferences and coordinated protests of the American Sociological Association's annual meetings during the 1970's, women made significant inroads into Sociology.
  • The name derives from the ties many of these individuals had and continue to have with women's movement organizations, the promotion of minority perspectives, their experience in relation to the subjective nature of scientific practice, and commitment to principles of social justice.
  • Many of these individiauls were disenfranchised, ignored, and/or silenced by the scientific communities of their time due to racism, sexism, and heterosexism.
  • Feminist theorists therefore argue that the social and natural worlds cannot be understood via the isolation or control of various parts of social and/or natural experience.
  • This perspective is sometimes referred to as multicultural feminism, multiracial feminism, or womanism.