Examples of Equal Rights Amendment in the following topics:
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- The women's rights movement functions in response to an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls in favor of men and boys.
- In the United States, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was created in 1966 with the purpose of bringing about equality for all women.
- NOW was one important group that fought for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
- This amendment stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex."
- Supporters believed it would guarantee women equal treatment.
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- In a 1979 consultation on the issue, the United States commission on civil rights defined religious discrimination in relation to the civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which deals with due process and equal fairness of all citizens under the law.
- According to the commission, religious discrimination occurs when someone is denied " the equal protection of the laws, equality of status under the law, equal treatment in the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity and access to employment, education, housing, public services and facilities, and public accommodation because of their exercise of their right to religious freedom. "
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- Women have had to fight for equal treatment in politics in the United States by winning the right to vote and a seat at the political table.
- In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, which provided:
- To appreciate the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, one must look back to the mid-nineteenth century.
- The Nineteenth Amendment was passed the year following the Treaty of Paris, which ended World War I.
- Infer, from the historical struggle for womens' equal treatment in politics, why gender stereotypes and barriers to equal political participation still exist in the United States
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- Women are not a statistical minority, as in most societies -- they are roughly equal in number to men -- but they do qualify as a minority group because they tend to have less power and fewer privileges than men.
- In the United States, women were treated as second-class citizens and not given the right to vote until 1920, when the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S.
- Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the rights to: bodily integrity and autonomy; vote (suffrage); hold public office; work; fair wages or equal pay; own property; be educated; serve in the military or be conscripted; enter into legal contracts; and to have marital, parental, and religious rights.
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, advocates "the equal rights of men and women," and addresses issues of equality.
- Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field.
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- After the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in America, racial discrimination became regulated by the so-called Jim Crow laws—strict mandates on segregation of the races.
- As an official practice, institutionalized racial segregation ended in large part due to the work of civil rights activists (Clarence M.
- Mitchell, Jr., Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., among others) primarily during the period from the end of World War II through the passage of the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as supported by President Lyndon B.
- The Fair Housing Act of 1968, administered and enforced by the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, nationality, religion, sex, familial status and disability.
- The civil rights movement gained the public's support, and formal racial discrimination and segregation became illegal in schools, businesses, the military, and other civil and government services.
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- This was specified in the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution.
- In other nations, many of which have experienced undemocratic governments and dictators, transitional justice refers to a state's efforts to address past human rights violations.
- In the context of transitional justice, memorialization is used to honor the victims of human rights abuses.
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- The feminist movement refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence.
- If first-wavers focused on absolute rights such as suffrage, second-wavers were largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as the end to discrimination.
- In 1948 the UN issued its Universal Declaration of Human Rights which protects "the equal rights of men and women", and addressed both equality and equity issues.
- This included a commitment to achieve " gender equality and the empowerment of women".
- The most important strategy to achieve this was considered to be "gender mainstreaming " which incorporates both equity and equality, that is that both women and men should "experience equal conditions for realizing their full human rights, and have the opportunity to contribute and benefit from national, political, economic, social and cultural development. "
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- These thinkers are likely to support state-oriented approaches to regulating inequality, with governments instating policies to equally distribute opportunities and resources.
- The idea that all members of a society should be equal is often associated with modern liberalism.
- In modern liberal societies, individuals tend to value human rights according to the idea that all people are born with equal value.
- The logic of human rights does not necessarily imply that all people should achieve equal status, but it does assume that all should have equal opportunities to advance, or Weberian life chances.
- Those who evaluate global inequality and consider it to violate human rights may advocate for solutions to inequality using the language of social justice.
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- Feminism is a broad term that is the result of several historical social movements attempting to gain equal economic, political, and social rights for women.
- First-wave feminism focused mainly on legal equality, such as voting, education, employment, marriage laws, and the plight of intelligent, white, middle-class women.
- Second-wave feminism went a step further by seeking equality in family, employment, reproductive rights, and sexuality.
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- In a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.
- It requires that all citizens (meeting certain qualifications) have an equal opportunity to express their opinion.
- The term "democracy" is often used as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include elements such as political pluralism, equality before the law, the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances, due process, civil liberties, human rights, and elements of civil society outside the government.
- These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.
- For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.