common law

Examples of common law in the following topics:

• Replacing Family Functions

  • In Canada, married and common law couples with children under the age of 25 represented 44% of all families in 2001.
  • In Canada, married and common law couples with children under the age of 25 represented 44% of all families in 2001.
  • This statistic has lowered since 1991, when married and common law couples raising children under the age of 25 represented 49% of all Canadian families.
  • Some states in the United States have changed their laws to allow same sex marriages, but 30 states have yet to amend their laws .
  • A singlehood family contains a person who is not married or in a common law relationship.

• Sociology and the Social Sciences

  • Sociologists occasionally posit the existence of unchanging, abstract social laws.
  • But even this law has proved to have exceptions.
  • In the late 19th century, attempts to discover laws regarding human behavior became increasingly common.
  • Kepler's law, which describes planet orbit, is an example of the sort of laws Newton believed science should seek.
  • But social life is rarely predictable enough to be described by such laws.

• Crime Statistics

  • Research using a series of victim surveys in 18 countries of the European Union in 2005, funded by the European Commission, has reported that the level of crime in Europe has fallen back to the levels of 1990, and notes that levels of common crime have shown declining trends in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and other industrialized countries as well.
  • The two major methods for collecting crime data are law enforcement reports and victimization statistical surveys.
  • First, they often use statistics from law enforcement organizations.
  • These statistics are normally readily available and are generally reliable in terms of identifying what crime is being dealt with by law enforcement organizations, as they are gathered by law enforcement officers in the course of their duties, and are often extracted directly from law enforcement computer systems.
  • Evaluate U.S. crime statistics and the various ways law enforcement officials gather them

• Characteristics of the State

  • In other words, governments are the means through which state power is employed; for example, by applying the rule of law.
  • The rule of law is a legal maxim whereby governmental decisions are made by applying known legal principles.
  • The rule of law is rule not by one person, as in an absolute monarchy, but by laws, as in a democratic republic; no one person can rule and even top government officials are under and ruled by the law.
  • The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a nation, which refers to a large geographical area, and the people therein who perceive themselves as having a common identity.
  • Civil society is the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests.

• Police

  • The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder.
  • The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder.
  • Specialized units exist within many law enforcement organizations for dealing with particular types of crime, such as traffic law enforcement and crash investigation, homicide, or fraud.
  • Police power can be exercised in the form of making laws and compelling obedience to those laws through legal sanctions, physical means, or other forms of coercion and inducements.
  • It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.

• Citizenship Rights

  • Citizens have the right to free speech and freedom of assembly, for example, but they also have the responsibility to follow the laws of the land and to pay taxes.
  • Citizens have the right to free speech and freedom of assembly, for example, but they also have the responsibility to follow the laws of the land and to pay taxes.
  • Under international law, citizenship is synonymous to nationality, although the two may have different meanings under national law.
  • A person is generally presumed to be a citizen of a nation if one or both of their parents are also a citizen of said nation; this is often called jus sanguinis (Latin legal term), meaning "right of blood. " A jus sanguinis policy means grants citizenship based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe.
  • In general, basic requirements for nationalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time resident for a minimum period of time, and that the applicant promises to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge of allegiance is sometimes added.

• The Nature of Groups

  • The social identity approach posits that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of social groups is "awareness of a common category membership" and that a social group can be "usefully conceptualized as a number of individuals who have internalized the same social category membership as a component of their self concept. " Stated otherwise, while the social cohesion approach expects group members to ask "who am I attracted to?
  • A law enforcement official is a social category, not a group.
  • However, law enforcement officials who all work in the same station and regularly meet to plan their day and work together would be considered part of a group.

• The Spread of Liberal Democracy

  • Liberal democracy requires universal suffrage, competitive politics, and the rule of law and is currently the dominant world political ideology.
  • Liberal democracy is a common form of representative democracy.
  • They further argued that governments exist to serve the people, not vice versa, and that laws should apply to those who govern as well as to the governed, a concept known as the rule of law.

• Theories of Democracy

  • Democracy, or rule by the people, is an egalitarian form of government in which all the citizens of a nation determine public policy, the laws, and the actions of their state together.
  • The most common system that is deemed democratic in the modern world is parliamentary democracy, in which the voting public takes part in elections and chooses politicians to represent them in a legislative assembly.
  • Direct democracy, on the other hand, holds that citizens should participate directly in making laws and policies, and not do so through their representatives.
  • Most importantly, according to this theory, citizens do not really rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies for themselves.
  • Deliberative democrats contend that laws and policies should be based upon reasons that all citizens can accept.

• Informal Means of Control

  • Informal social control refers to the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws.
  • Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
  • A peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social positions, and age in common.
  • Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.