capital gain

Examples of capital gain in the following topics:

• Income Distribution

  • Before 1937, a larger share of top earners' income came from capital (interest, dividends, income from rent, capital gains).

• Thinking Globally

  • They lack the capital to adequately exploit and market their own resources or to adequately provide for citizens, so they turn to outside investors to develop and extract resources.
  • And although Africans may gain some capital from the exchange, they lack the domestic industries to build many of the consumer goods people desire, so much of the capital is returned to China as payment for goods like clothing or electronics.
  • Core countries focus on higher-skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production, and the extraction of raw materials.
  • Nonetheless, the system is dynamic, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time.
  • Europe (the West) utilized its advantages and gained control over most of the world economy, presiding over the development and spread of industrialization and the capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development.

• Intelligence and Inequality

  • In the most basic sense, academic capital is strongly tied to earning potential.
  • The term educational capital is a concept that expands upon the theoretical ideas of French sociologist and anthropologist Pierre Bourdieu who applied the notion of capital to social capital, cultural capital, and symbolic capital.
  • Academic capital is a term used by sociologists to represent how an individual's amount of education and other academic experience can be used to gain a place in society.
  • In the most basic sense, academic capital is strongly tied to earning potential.
  • Devise two separate scenarios, one in which educational capital serves as a leveling mechanism and one in which academic capital reproduces inequality

• Academic Skills and Knowledge

  • In academia, an individual's educational level and other academic experience can be used to gain a place in society.
  • "Academic capital" is a term used by sociologists to represent how an individual's amount of education and other academic experience can be used to gain a place in society.
  • Much like other forms of capital, social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital, academic capital doesn't depend on one sole factor but instead is made up of many different factors, including the individual's academic transmission from his/her family, status of the academic institutions attended, and publications produced by the individual.
  • Numerous studies have been done involving the idea of academic capital, and scholars have disagreed on what counts as academic capital.
  • Examine the implications of academia in society, especially in terms of structure, qualifications and academic capital

• Women in the Workplace

  • While occupational sexism and the glass ceiling will be explored in the section 'Inequalities of work," what follows is a discussion of barriers to equal participation in the work force, including access to education and training, access to capital, network discrimination and other factors.
  • A number of occupations became "professionalized" through the 19th and 20th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies and requiring particular higher educational requirements.
  • Women's access to occupations requiring capital outlays is also hindered by their unequal access (statistically) to capital; this affects individuals who want to pursue careers as entrepreneurs, farm owners and investors.

• Welfare State Capitalism

  • However, even at the peak of this form of welfare capitalism, not all workers enjoyed the same benefits.
  • Business-led welfare capitalism was only common in American industries that employed skilled labor.
  • In the United States, workers formed labor unions to gain greater collective bargaining power.
  • This is an example of welfare capitalism in that it involves a business providing for its employees.
  • Discuss how welfare capitalism impacts the worker and the business, in terms of costs and benefits for both

• Protestant Work Ethic and Weber

  • In contrast, Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism, notably Calvinism, supported worldly activities and the rational pursuit of economic gain.
  • Because of this religious orientation, human effort was shifted away from the contemplation of the divine and towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain.
  • Furthermore, the Protestant ethic, while promoting the pursuit of economic gain, eschewed hedonistic pleasure.
  • Thus, Weber explained the rise of capitalism by looking at systems of culture and ideas.
  • Weber saw an elective affinity between capitalism and Protestantism, especially Calvinism.

• Capitalism

  • Capitalism is an economic and social system in which capital and the non-labor factors of production or the means of production are privately controlled; labor, goods and capital are traded in markets; profits are taken by owners or invested in technologies and industries; and wages are paid to labor.
  • Capitalism gradually spread throughout Europe and other parts of the world.
  • While some scholars see mercantilism as the earliest stage of modern capitalism, others argue that modern capitalism did not emerge until later.
  • For Weber, the 'spirit of capitalism' was, in general, that of ascetic Protestantism; this ideology was able to motivate extreme rationalization of daily life, a propensity to accumulate capital by a religious ethic to advance economically, and thus also the propensity to reinvest capital: this was sufficient, then, to create "self-mediating capital" as conceived by Marx.
  • They also purchase capital goods to convert them into consumer goods.

• Social Mobility

  • Social mobility can be enabled to varying extents by economic capital, cultural capital, human capital, and social capital.
  • Economic capital includes a person's financial and material resources, such as income and accumulated wealth.
  • These types of capital facilitate mobility by providing access to opportunities and the tools to acquire wealth and status.
  • This type of society has an open status system, which functions on the basis of achieved status, or status gained through one's own merit.
  • These examples demonstrate how social mobility is not simply based on economic capital, but also social and cultural capital.

• Capitalism

  • Capitalism is generally considered by scholars to be an economic system that includes private ownership of the means of production, creation of goods or services for profit or income, the accumulation of capital, competitive markets, voluntary exchange, and wage labor.
  • Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.
  • Capitalism is generally viewed as encouraging economic growth.
  • The relationship between democracy and capitalism is a contentious area in theory and popular political movements.
  • Examine the different views on capitalism (economical, political and historical) and the impact of capitalism on democracy