birth defect

Examples of birth defect in the following topics:

• The Health of Infants and Children

  • Birth defects are among the leading global causes of infant and child mortality, with an estimated 4.9 million birth defect pregnancies worldwide each year.
  • Birth defect trends and risk factors are difficult to monitor because many countries do not have systems that can accurately track the prevalence of birth defects.
  • In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researches and tracks birth defects and coordinates the surveillance and research activities of about 40 member programs of the International Clearing House for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research.
  • Globally, untreated maternal syphilis still causes more than 650,000 adverse pregnancy outcomes, including about 350,000 pre-birth deaths, each year.

• White-Collar Crime

  • It was sold in the 1950s to a private housing developer, whose residents began experiencing major health problems such as miscarriages and birth defects in the 1970s.
  • It was sold in the 1950's to a private housing developer, whose residents began experiencing major health problems such as miscarriages and birth defects in the 1970's.

• Behavior and Environmental Influences on Health

  • Fetal alcohol exposure is regarded by researchers as the leading known cause of mental and physical birth defects, surpassing both spina bifida and Down syndrome, producing more severe abnormalities than heroin, cocaine, or marijuana, and is the most common preventable cause of birth defects in the United States.

• The Demographic Transition

  • The demographic transition is a model and theory describing the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates that occurs as part of the economic development of a country.
  • In pre-industrial societies, population growth is relatively slow because both birth and death rates are high.
  • In most post-industrial societies, birth and death rates are both low.
  • This is depicted in the diagram when death rates fall in stage two but birth rates do not fall until stage three.
  • By the end of stage three, birth rates drop to fall in line with the lower death rates.

• Demographic Transition Theory

  • Demographic transition theory outlines five stages of change in birth and death rates to predict the growth of populations.
  • In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.
  • In stage three, birth rates fall.
  • The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th century in northern Europe.
  • During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates.

• Introduction

  • It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging.

• Population Trends

  • The demographic transition refers to the shift from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates; this occurs as part of the economic development of a country.
  • The basic premises of the theory are as follows: in pre-industrial societies, population growth is relatively slow because both birth and death rates are high; as countries develop, death rates fall faster than birth rates do, resulting in large population growth; as development stabilizes, birth rates drop off and the population stabilizes .
  • Most of the population growth in the world today comes from developing countries, most notably African countries, where birth rates have remained high.
  • Malthus argued for population control—policies intended to lower the birth rate—to avoid this happening.
  • This model illustrates the demographic transition, as birth and death rates rise and fall but eventually reach equilibrium.

• Unmarried Mothers

  • In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the time of conception, compared to about 44% of births overall.
  • The spike was caused by an increase in unmarried pregnancies, which 36% of all births by unmarried women, and to the increasing prevalence of divorces among couple.
  • In the United States, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, as they lack the financial resources to support their children when the birth father is unresponsive.
  • In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the time of conception, compared to about 44% of births overall.

• Three Demographic Variables

  • The basics of demographic population growth depend on the rate of natural increase (births versus deaths) and net migration.
  • It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.
  • (Births - Deaths) +/- ((In-Migration) - (Out Migration)) = Population Change.
  • As this equation shows, population change depends on three variables: (1) the natural increase changes seen in birth rates, (2) the natural decrease changes seen in death rates, and (3) the changes seen in migration.
  • More generally, while the basic demographic equation holds true by definition, the recording and counting of events (births, deaths, immigration, emigration) and the enumeration of the total population size are subject to error.

• Fertility

  • Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births in a given year per 1,000 people alive at the middle of that year.
  • The birth rate is an issue of concern for many governments and policymakers.
  • Conversely, other countries have policies to reduce the birth rate, such as China's former one-child policy.
  • In some places, government policies have been focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's sexual and reproductive health and rights.
  • There are claims that as countries go through economic development and social change, birth rate declines.